Episodes
How Mughal Art Saved a Dying Empire
By the 1730s, the Mughal Empire was bleeding out militarily and fiscally. While armies failed and treasuries emptied, the imperial court turned to a different kind of warfare: the art of diplomacy through aesthetics. This episode explores how Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangila and his court patronized a new style of miniature painting that blended Persian elegance with indigenous Indian vibrancy. We look at the rise of the Qizilbash artists, the subtle political messaging hidden in floral motifs…
The Mughal Bureaucracy's Silent Collapse
We often picture the fall of the Mughal Empire as a series of dramatic battles or sudden invasions, but the real decay happened in the quiet corridors of administration. This episode explores the jagirdari system, the complex web of land grants that sustained the imperial army and bureaucracy. We trace how Aurangzeb’s endless Deccan wars stretched this system to its breaking point, turning jagirs into barren strips rather than productive estates. Lucas and Luna examine the role of the zamindars…
Mughal Court Assassins and the Sayyid Brothers' Power Grab
This episode examines the violent succession crisis that followed Aurangzeb’s death, focusing on how the Sayyid Brothers, Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan, transformed from imperial commanders into kingmakers who assassinated two emperors. We explore the Battle of Jajau where Farrukhsiyar was blinded and deposed, and the subsequent puppet rule under Muhammad Shah Rangila. The narrative details the erosion of Mughal authority through internal factionalism, the role of the Barha clan, and the…
Mughal Court Assassins: The Sayyid Brothers' Power Grab
We left off with the Marathas and Jats pressing on the borders, but inside the Red Fort of Delhi, a different kind of violence was unraveling the empire. In this episode, we explore the decade-long reign of the Sayyid Brothers—Abdullah Khan and Hussain Ali Khan—who effectively became kingsmakers after deposing Farrukhsiyar. They didn't just manage the treasury; they dismantled the traditional Mughal succession protocol to install puppets like Muhammad Shah Rangila, while simultaneously…
Aurangzeb's Last War: The Deccan Quagmire
We often look at the Peacock Throne or the Taj Mahal and see a static empire, but by 1707, the Mughal state was bleeding out in the rocky highlands of the Deccan. This episode moves away from the court intrigues of Delhi and the fiscal ledgers we covered in previous episodes to focus on the military reality that broke the dynasty. We trace Aurangzeb’s sixty-year reign to its final, disastrous decade, where he chased Shivaji’s successors into hills they knew better than he did. You will hear…
The Mughal Court's Last Laugh: Muhammad Shah Rangila
We often trace the Mughal decline through war, famine, or fiscal collapse, but Episode 231 explores a different kind of rot: the cultural exhaustion of the court itself. After Nadir Shah’s sacking of Delhi in 1739 and the assassination of Farrukhsiyar, the throne passed to Muhammad Shah, known as Rangila—the dyed one. This episode examines how his reign marked a decisive pivot from martial ambition to hedonistic detachment. We look at the poetry of Mir Taqi Mir, the architectural remnants like…
The Mughal Bureaucracy's Silent Collapse
We’ve spent episodes tracing the blood of succession wars and the weight of Deccan campaigns, but the true rot in the Mughal Empire was administrative. This episode explores how the jagirdari system, once the engine of imperial power, became a trap for its own officials. We look at the role of the Diwan-i-Aam, the shifting balance between khalisa lands and jagirs, and how zamindars carved out autonomy from Delhi’s reach. Through the lens of late seventeenth-century fiscal records, we see how a…
How Mughal Merchants Bankrupted the Throne
While Aurangzeb bled the treasury in the Deccan and Nadir Shah looted Delhi, a quieter crisis was unfolding within the imperial courts. This episode explores how the Mughal elite became addicted to luxury imports—Chinese silk, Persian carpets, and Venetian glass—and financed this lifestyle through predatory lending and debased currency. We examine the role of the Banians, the merchant-bankers who controlled the flow of silver from Surat to Agra, and how their financial stranglehold left the…
The Mughal Succession War: Blood, Betrayal and the Fall of Delhi
We explore the brutal war of succession that fractured the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb’s death in 1707. While earlier episodes covered fiscal collapse and military weakness, this episode focuses on the dynastic bloodletting between Prince Muazzam (Bahadur Shah I) and his brothers, particularly Kam Bakhsh and Azam Shah. We trace the pivotal Battle of Jajau in 1707, where fratricide became standard policy, and examine how the Sayyid Brothers eventually turned the throne into a puppet stage for…
The Mughal Bureaucracy's Silent Collapse: Jats and Marathas
We often trace the fall of the Mughal Empire to Aurangzeb’s endless wars or the British East India Company’s military might, but Episode 227 turns its gaze to the quiet rot within the imperial administration itself. We explore how the jagirdari system, designed to reward loyalty with temporary land grants, became a trap for both the empire and its officials. As Lucas and Luna dig into the role of local power brokers like the Jat chieftains in Bharatpur and the rising Maratha Confederacy under…
Jahandar Shah and the Mughal Succession Crisis
In this episode, we turn away from the grand fiscal policies and battlefield strategies of previous installments to examine the intimate, violent chaos of the Mughal court during the winter of 1712. Following Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the empire did not simply weaken; it fractured into a brutal game of musical chairs where princes fought to the death for the Peacock Throne. We focus on Jahandar Shah, the son of Prince Akbar who had previously rebelled against his father. Unlike his…
The Diwan-i-Aam: How Mughal Justice Failed
We often imagine the Mughal Empire’s collapse as a sudden military defeat or a financial bankruptcy, but the real rot began in the court of public opinion. This episode explores the Diwan-i-Aam, the Hall of Public Audience, where Emperor Shah Jahan once sat to hear the grievances of his subjects directly. For decades, this ritual was the empire’s most powerful tool for legitimacy, transforming imperial power into personal connection. But by the mid-18th century, the doors were closing. We trace…
The Mughal Bankrupt: How Debt Caused the Empire's Fall
We often assume the Mughal Empire’s collapse was driven by external invasions or military defeat, but the real story lies in the ledger books of Shahjahanabad. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the fiscal crisis of the late seventeenth century, focusing on Emperor Aurangzeb’s disastrous financial decisions during his decades-long Deccan campaign. We examine how the constant minting of debased copper coins, known as dam, to pay for endless warfare eroded public trust in the currency. This…
The Mughal Bureaucracy's Silent Collapse
We explore how the jagirdari system’s structural rot hollowed out the Mughal state long before the British arrived. While earlier episodes covered military defeats and invasions, this episode focuses on the administrative vacuum left by the Sayyid Brothers and the rapid fragmentation of imperial authority into regional nawabships. We trace the career of Safdar Jang, his rivalry with Saadat Khan, and the pivotal Battle of Bilgram in 1751 that marked the point of no return for central control. By…
The Mughal Army's Hidden Weakness: Mercenaries and Mutiny
While earlier episodes explored the fiscal strain of the jagirdari system and the devastation of Aurangzeb’s Deccan wars, this episode examines a different kind of rot: the militarization of the court. By the reign of Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal army was no longer a cohesive imperial force but a collection of competing mercenary factions loyal to their own commanders rather than the throne. We trace how the Sayyid Brothers, two Turkic nobles who held the emperor as a puppet, attempted to reassert…
The Mughal Bureaucracy's Silent Collapse
We often blame the Mughal Empire’s fall on war or foreign invasion, but the real story lies in the ink-stained hands of its administrators. In this episode, we explore how the jagirdari system—a method of paying officials with land revenue rights—began to rot from the inside out. As emperors like Aurangzeb stretched their armies into the Deccan, the pool of cultivable land shrank, forcing nobles to extract more and more from peasants who had nothing left to give. We look at the rise of local…
The Mughal Empire's Environmental Crisis: Droughts and Collapse
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore an often-overlooked factor in the Mughal Empire's decline: environmental stress. From the brutal Deccan famine of 1702 to the destructive drought of 1630, we trace how climate shocks, poor monsoon rains, and resource mismanagement weakened the empire's foundations. We discuss the role of the Great Drought in the 1630s, the impact of volcanic eruptions and El Niño on South Asia, and how Aurangzeb's relentless Deccan campaigns coincided…
The Mughal Empire's Iron Fist: Aurangzeb's War Economy
Why did the Mughal Empire, richer than any contemporary state, collapse within a century of Aurangzeb's death? This episode zeroes in on the war economy Aurangzeb built to conquer the Deccan — the relentless campaigns that drained the treasury, the jagirdari system that starved the state, and the fiscal rot that followed. We trace how Aurangzeb's endless Deccan wars turned a surplus empire into a deficit one, how the mansabdari system became a ticking bomb, and how later rulers like Muhammad…
The Mughal Empire's Debt Trap: How Easy Credit Undid a Dynasty
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore a rarely told facet of the Mughal Empire's decline: the corrosive power of debt and credit. Beginning with the mansabdari system's reliance on revenue collection, they trace how the jagirdari crisis, the Deccan wars, and the luxurious court of Muhammad Shah Rangila led to a mounting debt that even the Peacock Throne's diamonds couldn't cover. The narrative follows the rise of the jagirdars, the devastating sack of Delhi by Nadir Shah, and the slow…
The Mughal Empire's Last Harvest: Famine and Collapse
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna examine a factor often overshadowed in tales of Mughal decline: climate and famine. While previous episodes traced political fractures, military defeats, and financial crises, this conversation turns to the land itself. Lucas explains how the Mughal revenue system, fine-tuned by Akbar and refined by Aurangzeb, left the empire vulnerable to erratic monsoons. He introduces the little-known famine of 1630–32 in the Deccan, which devastated Gujarat…
The Mughal Empire's Fiscal Collapse: Currency and Crisis
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Mughal Empire's immense wealth became its undoing. From the silver rupiya standardized by Akbar to the devastating inflation of Aurangzeb's Deccan wars, they trace the economic fractures that weakened the empire. The conversation covers the failure of the mansabdari system, the flight of treasure during Nadir Shah's invasion, and how the British East India Company exploited Bengal's revenue to outpace its rivals. Along the way, they highlight the…
The Mughal Navy That Never Was
Mughal emperors ruled vast land empires, yet they never built a real navy. While the Portuguese, Dutch, and English fought for control of the Indian Ocean, the Mughals relied on local chieftains and coastal alliances. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the strange absence of a Mughal fleet: why Aurangzeb, who conquered the Deccan, ignored the sea, and how the Maratha admiral Kanhoji Angre built a formidable naval force that even the East India Company feared. They look at the Siddi of…
The Mughal Navy That Never Was
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore why the Mughal Empire, despite its vast wealth and resources, neglected naval power. They discuss Aurangzeb's fleet on the Bengal coast, the Portuguese presence, the rise of the Maratha navy under Kanhoji Angre, and the Anglo-Mughal wars. The conversation reveals how the empire's land-centric mindset, internal politics, and the East India Company's growing naval strength contributed to the Mughal collapse, culminating in the loss of control over the seas…
The Jali Screens of Power: Mughal Craft and Collapse
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Mughal Empire's famed jali screens — intricate perforated marble lattices — became a metaphor for its decline. From Akbar's architectural innovations at Fatehpur Sikri to Shah Jahan's Taj Mahal and the Red Fort, these screens symbolized both aesthetic perfection and the empire's growing distance from its subjects. As the Mughal treasury drained into endless Deccan wars and courtly extravagance, the very craftsmen who built these wonders faced…
The Fall of the Mughals: A Story of Wealth and Weakness
The Mughal Empire was one of the wealthiest states in history, yet it crumbled within decades. How could an empire with the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor fail so completely? In this episode, we explore the financial and structural cracks that led to the Mughal collapse, focusing on the man who embodied both the empire's wealth and its decline: Farrukhsiyar, the emperor who lost his throne to the Sayyid Brothers. We also examine the jagirdari crisis, the rise of regional powers like the…
The Siege of Bidar: Aurangzeb's Deccan Gamble
In 1657, as the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb marched south to crush the Deccan sultanates, he faced a fortress that seemed unbreakable: Bidar. This episode unpacks the siege of Bidar, where Persian engineer Mir Jumla's cannon and Aurangzeb's own field tactics turned a near-disaster into a triumph. We look at the moment when Aurangzeb, not yet emperor, gambled his reputation on a six-month winter campaign, the betrayal within the fort's walls, and how the fall of Bidar set the stage for the Mughal…
The Peacock Throne's Last Glitter: Jali Screens and Empire's End
In 1739, Nadir Shah of Persia marched into Delhi and walked away with the Peacock Throne, a jewel-encrusted symbol of Mughal magnificence. But the throne was only the beginning of the story. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the imperial decline that followed — from the assassination of the emperor's vizier to the Maratha raids that drained the treasury, from the blind poet Mir Taqi Mir's lament over a shattered city to the architectural beauty that outlasted the empire itself. They explore…
The Mughal Empire's Last Gasp: A Court in Ruins
In this episode, we peel back the glittering surface of the Mughal court to find a realm hollowed out from within. We follow the decline through the lens of the imperial household itself — the harem's shifting power, the princes' endless wars, and the ceremonial emptiness that masked a crumbling state. We meet the sycophants and schemers who surrounded the later emperors, the Persian adventurers who drained the treasury, and the Maratha horsemen who rode through the gates of Delhi as the Mughal…
Why the Mughal Empire Collapsed Despite Its Massive Wealth
In this episode, we explore the paradox of the Mughal Empire's decline: a state that was fabulously wealthy yet unable to field an effective army or pay its nobles. We trace the roots of this collapse to Akbar's mansabdari system, which granted noble ranks but never solved the problem of funding them. By Aurangzeb's reign, the empire was overstretched, and after his death, the jagirdars, like Nizam-ul-Mulk, carved out their own states. We also revisit the devastating impact of Nadir Shah's…
The Mughal Empire's Last Emperor: A Poet's End
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Mughal Empire through the life of Bahadur Shah Zafar—poet, emperor, and prisoner of his own legacy. They discuss Zafar's ascension to a throne that had already lost its power, his role in the 1857 rebellion, and the tragic aftermath as the British exiled him to Rangoon. The conversation weaves through Zafar's ghazals, his relationship with the court poet Ghalib, and the cultural flowering of Shahjahanabad even…
The Mughal Empire’s Last Great Emperor: Bahadur Shah Zafar’s Final Years
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Mughal Empire through the life of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last emperor. From his ascension in 1837 to his exile and death in Rangoon, Zafar navigated a collapsing empire, British dominance, and his own poetic soul. We trace the pivotal events: the 1857 rebellion, the trial that convicted him, and the tragic fate of his sons. Along the way, we consider the role of Zeenat Mahal, the complex loyalties of the court, and the enduring…
The Peacock Throne's Lost Gem: Nadir Shah's Sack of Delhi
In 1739, the Mughal Empire was still the richest state on earth, its treasury overflowing with the plunder of centuries. Then Nadir Shah of Persia walked in and took it all. This episode follows the improbable rise of a slave-turned-conqueror, the catastrophic battle of Karnal, and the sack of Delhi that ended Mughal invincibility forever. We trace the fate of the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond, the massacre of Delhi's civilians, and how one man's insatiable greed shattered the myth…
The Mughal Empire's Hidden Fracture: The Mansabdari System
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the mansabdari system, the intricate military-administrative framework that underpinned the Mughal Empire's power—and its decline. They trace how a system designed by Akbar to create a loyal nobility became, by the late 17th century, a source of fiscal crisis and political fragmentation. Through the lens of the jagir crisis, they examine the careers of key figures like Murshid Quli Khan and the Nizam-ul-Mulk, who exploited the system's weaknesses to build…
The Mughal Empire's Last Emperor: A Poet's End
In this episode, we trace the final years of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, whose reign was a shadow of the empire's former glory. From his coronation in 1837 to his exile in Rangoon after the 1857 rebellion, Zafar navigated a court reduced to the Red Fort, a British East India Company that controlled his purse strings, and a personal life marked by poetry and loss. We explore his relationships with the poet Ghalib, his wife Zeenat Mahal, and the British officers like Captain…
The Kohinoor's Long Shadow: A Diamond's Tale
In episode 202 of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna trace the Kohinoor diamond from its legendary origins in the Golconda mines to its central role in Mughal court intrigue, Persian conquest, and British plunder. They explore how this single gem became a symbol of empire, obsession, and loss. Along the way, they revisit the Siege of Golconda, the Peacock Throne, Nadir Shah's sack of Delhi, and the diamond's final journey to London. The episode weighs the tales of curse and prophecy against the…
The Mughal Empire's Fractured Succession: A Dynasty Undone
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the Mughal Empire's fatal weakness: the bloody, chaotic succession struggles that plagued every emperor from Babur to Bahadur Shah Zafar. They unpack the Timurid tradition of princes carving out their own realms, the brutal fratricide under Aurangzeb, and the rise of kingmakers like the Sayyid Brothers and Nizam-ul-Mulk who turned emperors into puppets. Through the lens of specific battles—like the Battle of Samugarh and the war of…
The Mughal Empire's Last Emperor: A Poet at the End of an Era
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the life and reign of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, who was more poet than ruler. They discuss his ascension in 1837, his deep involvement in Urdu poetry, his patronage of the arts, and his tragic end after the 1857 rebellion. The conversation covers the decline of Mughal power, the British East India Company's growing control, and Zafar's exile to Rangoon, where he died in 1862. Along the way, they touch on figures like…
The End of the Qutb Shahis: Golconda's Siege and Mughal Victory
In 1687, after a nine-month siege, Mughal forces stormed the Qutb Shahi capital of Golconda, ending a dynasty that had ruled the Deccan for over a century. This episode follows the remarkable rise of Golconda under Ibrahim Qutb Shah and his successors, its wealth built on the world's only diamond mines, and its final fall under Abul Hasan Qutb Shah. We explore how Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's relentless campaign against the Deccan sultanates ultimately crushed Golconda, despite its formidable…
The Mughal Empire's Fatal Fracture: The Nizam-ul-Mulk
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the life and legacy of Nizam-ul-Mulk, the Mughal noble who quietly built the independent Hyderabad state and in doing so, exposed the empire's deepest structural weakness. From his early career under Aurangzeb to his role as a kingmaker in the bloody succession struggles after 1707, we trace how his pragmatic ambitions eroded imperial authority from within. Through the jagirdari crisis, the Maratha raids, and the futility of royal…
The Mughal Empire's Last Emperor: A Poet at the End of an Era
In this episode, we explore the final days of the Mughal Empire through the life of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last emperor who was also a gifted poet. We discuss his love for poetry, his role in the 1857 rebellion, his trial and exile to Rangoon, and his death in 1862. We also touch on the East India Company's takeover, the British Crown's assumption of power, and the tragic end of the Mughal dynasty. #MughalEmpire #BahadurShahZafar #1857Rebellion #LastEmperor #Poetry #Rangoon #EastIndiaCompany…
The Mughal Empire's Poisoned Legacy: Opium, Tea, and the East India Company
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore a less-told facet of the Mughal collapse: the empire's catastrophic entanglement in global drug and commodity trades. From the Dutch and Portuguese opium monopolies to the British East India Company's push for tea and poppy cultivation in Bengal, they trace how the Mughal state lost control of its own economy, allowing European companies to siphon wealth and power. They delve into the role of the Bengal Nawabs, the Battle of Plassey…
The Mughal Empire's Last Stand at Karnal: A Battle for Survival
In 1739, the Mughal Empire faced its gravest threat yet: Nadir Shah, the Turko-Iranian conqueror who had already subdued Persia and Afghanistan. At Karnal, a mere eighty miles from Delhi, the fate of the subcontinent hung in the balance. This episode follows the lead-up to the battle, the failed diplomacy, the fateful decision to march out, and the crushing defeat that left the Mughal army shattered and the treasury vulnerable. We explore the roles of Emperor Muhammad Shah, his generals like…
The Mughal Empire's Last Emperor: A Poet at the End of an Era
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Mughal Empire through the eyes of its last emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar. Not just a ruler, Zafar was a poet, a Sufi, and a patron of the arts, whose reign saw the empire reduced to a shadow within the walls of the Red Fort. We discuss his court, his famous ghazals, his relationships with figures like Ghalib and Zeenat Mahal, and the pivotal moment of the 1857 Rebellion when he was reluctantly thrust into leadership. Through his…
The Mughal Empire's Last Great Gamble: The Siege of Golconda
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore one of the most dramatic and under-examined episodes of the Mughal collapse: the 1687 siege of Golconda, the fortress city that finally fell to Aurangzeb after a nine-month blockade. They uncover the story of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, the last sultan of Golconda, and his legendary general Muhammad Ibrahim, who nearly saved the kingdom with his brilliant defensive tactics. They discuss the role of the East India Company, the mysterious figure of the French…
Tulip Mania in the Mughal Court: A Symbol of Decline
In the final decades of the Mughal Empire, a peculiar floral obsession swept through the courts of Delhi and Lucknow. The tulip, once a symbol of Timurid pride, became the centerpiece of a cultural movement that masked political decay. This episode explores how the Mughal elite turned to poetry, gardens, and the iconic jali screens as the empire crumbled around them. We follow the rise of the tulip motif in architecture, from Shah Jahan's marble inlays to the delicate paintings of the late 18th…
The Mughal Court's Money Crisis: Why Empty Coffers Toppled an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the empire's chronic money shortage: how the jagirdari system starved the treasury, how Aurangzeb's endless Deccan wars drained resources, and how the East India Company's wealth made the Mughal court look bankrupt by comparison. They trace the failed reforms of rulers like Muhammad Shah, the devastating plunder of Nadir Shah, and the Company's takeover of Bengal's diwani in 1765. Through figures like Murshid Quli Khan and the Nizam of Hyderabad, they…
The Mughal Empire's Final Fall: The Siege of Delhi 1857
In 1857, the Mughal Empire, reduced to a shadow by a century of decline, made its last stand as the British East India Company moved to crush a widespread rebellion. This episode focuses on the Siege of Delhi, where the elderly emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, once a poet and patron of the arts, found himself a reluctant figurehead of a revolt he neither planned nor fully supported. Through the eyes of the emperor, his loyal courtiers, and the British officers who besieged the city, we explore the…
The Assassination of Emperor Alamgir II: Mughal Collapse
In the mid-18th century, the Mughal Empire was a shadow of its former self—territory shrinking, treasury empty, and emperors becoming puppets of ambitious nobles. Episode 189 tells the story of Alamgir II (Aziz-ud-Din), a reluctant emperor who tried to revive Mughal authority but was brutally assassinated by his own vizier, Imad-ul-Mulk. This single event in 1759 exposed the empire's terminal decay: the throne no longer commanded loyalty, and the murder of a sitting Mughal emperor by his chief…
Aurangzeb's Jizya: The Tax That Broke the Mughal Empire
In 1679, Aurangzeb reimposed the jizya tax on non-Muslims, a decision that shattered the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance under Akbar. This episode explores how that single tax alienated the empire's Hindu nobility, sparked rebellions from the Rajputs under Durgadas Rathore to the Marathas under Sambhaji, and deepened the fiscal crisis that would ultimately lead to collapse. We trace the political calculations behind the fatwa, the violent resistance in Marwar and Mewar, and the…
How Bengal's Lost Wealth Doomed the Mughal Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the East India Company's takeover of Bengal—the Mughal Empire's richest province—sealed the empire's fate. From the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the granting of diwani rights in 1765, they trace how the Company siphoned Bengal's wealth to fund its own expansion, triggering the Bengal Famine of 1770 and deindustrializing the region. Along the way, they discuss figures like Robert Clive, Siraj ud-Daulah, and Mir Jafar, and examine how the Permanent…
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