Episodes
Aztec Child Soldiers and the Eagle Warriors
Beyond the grand temples and political intrigue of Tenochtitlan lay the rigorous training grounds of the Aztec military elite. This episode explores the journey from childhood to becoming a Jaguar or Eagle Warrior, two of the most feared units in Mesoamerican warfare. We examine the role of the calmecac school not just for priests, but for noble boys destined for command. The narrative details the brutal yet disciplined path of ascension through rank, defined by capturing enemies rather than…
Aztec Tribute System: Power, Pain, and the Price of Empire
We’ve talked about the poetry, the calendars, and the siege of Tenochtitlan, but we haven’t really looked at how the Aztec Empire actually functioned day-to-day. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the tribute system—the intricate network of goods, labor, and fear that held the Mexica alliance together. We discuss specific city-states like Texcoco and Tlaxcala, the role of the pihuihtiani (tribute collectors), and the heavy burden placed on conquered peoples. You’ll learn why feathers were…
The Tlaxcalan Alliance: How Aztec Enemies Built Mexico
We often imagine the Spanish conquest as a story of indigenous resistance crumbling under European steel and disease, but the fall of Tenochtitlan was actually made possible by a massive coalition of Aztec enemies. In this episode, we explore how the Tlaxcalans, long-standing rivals of the Mexica, became the indispensable military backbone of Hernán Cortés’s campaign. We look at the diplomatic maneuvers that turned bitter foes into allies, the scale of Tlaxcalan forces that outnumbered the…
La Malinche: The Woman Who Shaped Mexico's Fate
While Hernán Cortés and the Aztec Empire dominate the narrative of the Spanish conquest, one figure stands at the center of this collision: La Malinche. Born Malintzin in the early 1500s, she was a Nahua woman sold into slavery who became Cortés’s indispensable interpreter, diplomat, and strategist. This episode explores her complex life from childhood in Tabasco to her pivotal role in the fall of Tenochtitlan. We examine how her linguistic mastery bridged the gap between two worlds, allowing…
The Spanish Conquest of Mexico: Cortés and the Fall of Tenochtitlan
In this episode, we explore the dramatic collapse of the Aztec Empire in 1521. We trace Hernán Cortés’s arrival in Cempoala, his alliance with the Tlaxcalans, and the pivotal role of La Malinche as translator and strategist. Lucas details the siege of Tenochtitlan, the devastating impact of smallpox, and the final capture of Cuauhtémoc. Luna asks about the human cost and the political maneuvering that led to the empire's fall. This conversation moves beyond simple conquest narratives to examine…
The Poisoned Plume: Moctezuma's Diplomatic Trap
While previous episodes have explored the military might and spiritual depth of Tenochtitlan, this episode examines the moment the Aztec Empire met its psychological undoing. We trace the arrival of Hernán Cortés in 1519 and the complex web of diplomacy that followed. Rather than viewing Moctezuma II as merely passive, we look at his strategic use of gift-giving and ritual hospitality to contain a dangerous foreign threat. Through the lens of Nahuatl political speech and the accounts of Bernal…
The Tlatoani's Rhetoric: Aztec Political Speech
Before the Spanish arrived, the Aztec empire was held together not just by swords, but by sophisticated political rhetoric. This episode explores the huehuetlatolli, or 'ancient words,' the formal speeches delivered by rulers and judges to legitimize power, declare war, and maintain social order. We look at how Moctezuma II used these speeches to manage alliances with Tlaxcala and internal nobility, and how the codices record these verbal performances alongside visual hieroglyphs. You will hear…
Aztec Urban Planning and the Albarradon Seawall
While previous episodes have explored the spiritual and martial aspects of Tenochtitlan, this episode turns to the engineering marvel that made the city possible. Lucas and Luna examine the albarradón, the massive seawall built by Tlacaelel under Moctezuma I to protect the island capital from the seasonal flooding of Lake Texcoco. We discuss how this hydraulic infrastructure allowed for the expansion of chinampas, the floating gardens that fed millions, and the complex drainage systems that…
The Last Stand of Cuauhtemoc: Defiance and Execution
While previous episodes traced the military campaigns and political intrigues leading to the fall of Tenochtitlan, this episode focuses on the final days of the Aztec Empire under Emperor Cuauhtemoc. We examine his desperate defense against Hernán Cortés, the brutal siege conditions that led to starvation, and his subsequent capture in the marshlands of Cuetlaxtlan. Unlike his predecessors who negotiated or fled, Cuauhtemoc chose to fight until the end, embodying the concept of yaotequihua, or…
Cortés, Cempoala, and the Alliance That Toppled an Empire
While we have spent many episodes exploring the internal politics, religion, and engineering of Tenochtitlan, this episode shifts focus to the fragile, desperate alliance that formed between Hernán Cortés and the Totonac people of Cempoala in 1519. We explore how the Totonacs, long oppressed by Aztec tribute demands known as the xiquipiltia, saw the Spanish not just as invaders, but as potential liberators from a brutal system. The conversation details the critical meeting at Cempoala, the…
The Aztec Water System: Tenochtitlan’s Engineering Miracle
While most histories focus on the Aztecs’ military might or religious rituals, this episode uncovers the hydraulic engineering that made Tenochtitlan possible. We explore how the Mexica transformed a swampy island in Lake Texcoco into a thriving metropolis of 200,000 people through the construction of the Albarradones, the causeways, and the intricate aqueducts of Chapultepec. Lucas walks us through the daily life of the water carriers, the tlameme, who hauled fresh water across the lake every…
The Aztec Alphabet: Writing Without Ink
We often assume ancient civilizations lacked writing because they didn't use ink and paper, but the Mexica had a sophisticated system of pictographic and ideographic signs called tlamatltoani. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Aztec scribes recorded history, tribute lists, and genealogies using glyphs on bark paper and deer hides. We examine the famous Codex Mendoza, created shortly after the Spanish conquest to explain the empire's structure to King Charles V, and discuss how these…
The Aztec Tlatoani: Power, Rhetoric, and the Fall of Tenochtitlan
We trace the evolution of the Aztec ruler from a military commander to a constitutional monarch bound by law and rhetoric. We explore the concept of the tlatoani as a 'speaker' rather than an absolute dictator, examining how Nezahualcoyotl’s legal codes in Texcoco influenced governance in Tenochtitlan. The episode contrasts the idealized rule of Moctezuma II with the brutal reality of Cuauhtémoc’s final stand during the Spanish siege. By analyzing primary sources like the Florentine Codex and…
The Siege of Tenochtitlan: Cortés, Disease, and Starvation
While previous episodes explored the grandeur of Tenochtitlan’s engineering, rituals, and political rhetoric, Episode 220 turns to its violent end. We examine the summer of 1521, when Hernán Cortés and his Tlaxcalan allies laid siege to the island city. This episode moves beyond the simple narrative of Spanish conquest to focus on the three critical factors that broke the Aztec empire: the deliberate destruction of the albarradón dike, the catastrophic spread of smallpox among the population…
The Aztec Poet-Philosopher Nezahualcoyotl
We step away from the Templo Mayor and the battlefield to visit the court of Texcoco, where the poet-king Nezahualcoyotl ruled. While his father was a warrior and his enemies feared his armies, Nezahualcoyotl built a library and codified laws that defined Aztec intellectual life. This episode explores how he blended spiritual poetry with practical governance, creating a legal system that protected the poor and regulated trade. We look at the Cantares Mexicanos, the flower songs that captured…
The Aztec Flower Garden: Cultivating Beauty and Power
Before the Spanish arrived, the Valley of Mexico was a patchwork of lakes, canals, and floating gardens. At its heart lay Tenochtitlan, a city whose rulers cultivated not just maize and beans, but entire landscapes of flowers, fragrance, and ceremony. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the overlooked world of Aztec horticulture: the chinampas that fed the capital, the royal gardens of Moctezuma that amazed conquistadors, and the intricate flower markets of Tlatelolco. They trace how…
The Mexica Origins: Aztlan, the Migration, and the Founding of Tenochtitlan
Where did the Mexica come from before they built Tenochtitlan? This episode traces their legendary migration from the mythical homeland of Aztlan, guided by the god Huitzilopochtli, through centuries of wandering, hardship, and shifting alliances. We explore the archaeological and documentary evidence — from the Codex Boturini and the Tira de la Peregrinación to the excavations at Cerro de la Estrella — to separate the historical kernels from the sacred narrative. Along the way, we meet key…
The Aztec Calendar Stone: Cosmic Clock of the Fifth Sun
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Aztec Sun Stone — the massive carved disk unearthed in Mexico City in 1790. They untangle its layers of meaning: the five world ages, the four previous suns, the face of Tonatiuh at the center, and the fire serpents that frame the whole. Along the way, they meet the Xiuhpohualli, the 365-day solar calendar, and the Tonalpohualli, the 260-day ritual count, and see how the stone maps the Aztec cosmos onto a single plane. They also discuss the stone's…
Aztec Law and Order: Courts, Judges, and Justice
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the sophisticated legal system of the Aztec Empire, from the supreme court in Tenochtitlan to local judges in every calpulli. They discuss the role of the tlatoani as chief justice, the harsh punishments for theft and drunkenness, and the surprising emphasis on restorative justice for first-time offenders. The conversation covers the legal codes of Nezahualcoyotl, the importance of witness testimony, and the unique position of women in Aztec courts. With…
The Aztec Poets: Flower and Song in Tenochtitlan
In Tenochtitlan's final decades, poetry was more than art—it was philosophy, politics, and a window into the Aztec soul. This episode explores the world of the cuicapicque, the poet-sages who composed in Nahuatl, weaving Flower and Song (in xochitl in cuicatl) into the fabric of empire. We meet the philosopher-king Nezahualcoyotl of Texcoco, whose surviving verses ponder the fleeting nature of life, and we examine how poetry served as a bridge between the earthly and the divine. Lucas and Luna…
The Aztec Merchant Class: Pocteca Traders and the Long-Distance Tlatelolco Market
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the world of the Aztec pochteca — the long-distance merchants who were as much spies as traders. They follow a typical pochteca expedition from Tenochtitlan to the Gulf coast, carrying quetzal feathers, jade, and cacao to exchange for turquoise and gold. Along the way, they uncover the pochteca's secretive guilds, their fierce patron god Yacatecuhtli, and the lavish feasts that doubled as status displays. But the pochteca were more than mere traders…
The Aztec Flower Wars: More Than Sacrifice
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into the xochiyaoyotl, the so-called Flower Wars of the Aztec Empire. Were they really about capturing victims for sacrifice, or was there something more strategic at play? The conversation follows the shifting interpretation of these ritual battles, from early Spanish chroniclers like Diego Durán to modern historians who see them as a way to train soldiers, test new commanders, and even manage political tensions with rival city-states like Tlaxcala. Along…
The Flower Wars: Aztec Ritual Combat and Its Real Purpose
Why did the Aztecs fight battles they deliberately didn't finish? In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the flower wars — the xochiyaoyotl — a strange form of ritualized combat fought between the Aztec Empire and its neighbors, especially the Tlaxcalans. Were they really 'agreed-upon wars' for capturing sacrificial victims, as Spanish chroniclers claimed? Or were they something more complex: a strategy of attrition, a political tool, and a way of life that bound together warfare, religion…
The Aztec Rite of Human Sacrifice: Decoding the Ritual
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the complex and often misunderstood practice of human sacrifice in the Aztec Empire. They discuss the religious and cosmological beliefs that underpinned the ritual, the role of the tlamacazqui (priests), and the specific ceremonies like the Toxcatl festival. The conversation uncovers the archaeological evidence, including the tzompantli (skull rack) at the Templo Mayor, and addresses the ethical questions of how we judge past cultures. Learn about the…
The Aztec Midwife: Birth Rituals and the Cradle of the Empire
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna step into the world of the ticitl — the Aztec midwife — and the elaborate rituals that surrounded childbirth in Tenochtitlan. They explore the goddesses who presided over birth, from Tlazolteotl to Xochiquetzal, and the powerful incantations that were spoken as a baby entered the world. Lucas explains how the ticitl used the temazcal for steam baths during labor, how the umbilical cord was buried as a symbol of destiny, and how the…
The Aztec Jaguar Warriors: Elite Shock Troops of the Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the world of the Aztec Jaguar Warriors, the cuāuhocēlōtl, an elite military order that combined the stealth of the ocelot and the courage of the eagle. They discuss the rigorous training, the social climbing from commoner to noble, the distinctive jaguar-skin suits and weapons, and the warriors' role in Aztec warfare and ritual. The conversation touches on the Florentine Codex, the Codex Mendoza, the eagle and jaguar orders, and the importance of…
Aztec Featherwork: The Craft That Outshone Gold
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary world of Aztec featherwork, a craft so prized that it outshone gold in the eyes of the Mexica. From the shimmering quetzal feathers of the highlands to the intricate amantecayotl of the Amantla artisans, we trace how feathers were harvested, traded, and transformed into the resplendent headdresses and shields that adorned warriors and emperors alike. Discover the role of the amanteca, the featherworkers' guild, and…
The Aztec Orator: Rhetoric and Power in Tenochtitlan
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna explore the sophisticated art of Aztec rhetoric, a vital but often overlooked tool of statecraft in Tenochtitlan. Before the Spanish arrived, the Aztec elite prized eloquent speech, training their rulers, ambassadors, and judges in the huehuetlatolli—the 'speech of the elders'—which recorded the wisdom of ancestors for public address and legal disputes. We meet the tlatoani, the 'speaker', whose words could sway councils and command armies…
The Templo Mayor: Aztec Sacred Center Unearthed
In 1978, electrical workers in Mexico City stumbled on an eight-ton stone disk depicting the dismembered goddess Coyolxauhqui. The discovery led to the excavation of the Templo Mayor, the towering pyramid at the heart of Tenochtitlan that the Aztecs rebuilt seven times, each layer burying the last. This episode digs into the temple's twin shrines to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the ritual sacrifices performed on its steps, and the skull rack, or tzompantli, that stood nearby. Lucas and Luna…
The Aztec Ball Game: Sport, Ritual, and Cosmic Struggle
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Mesoamerican ball game—the ullamaliztli—as played by the Aztecs and their neighbors. They discuss the game's rules, the famous court at Tenochtitlan, and the high stakes that could include human sacrifice. The conversation covers the mythological origins of the game, its connection to the Hero Twins of the Popol Vuh, and the practical aspects of playing with a solid rubber ball on stone courts. They also touch on the game's social and political…
The Aztec Bathhouse: Sweat, Ritual, and Healing
In the shadow of Tenochtitlan's towering temples, a simpler building held profound power: the temazcal, or sweat bath. This episode of The Story of Mexico dives into the rituals of purification and healing that took place inside these steaming, low-roofed structures. Lucas and Luna explore the temazcal's role in Aztec daily life, from cleansing warriors after battle to easing childbirth under the watchful eye of the goddess Xochiquetzal. They unpack the blend of herbal steam, copal incense, and…
The Aztec Bathhouse: Sweat, Ritual, and Healing
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna step inside the temazcal, the Aztec steam bath that was far more than a place to get clean. From the volcanic rock walls of the temazcalli to the healing hands of the ticitl, the Aztec physician, we explore how sweat and steam were woven into ritual purification, medicinal practice, and everyday life. Learn how the temazcal was used to treat everything from muscle pain to battle fatigue, and how it connected the physical body to the…
The Aztec Sun Stone's Hidden Companion: The Xiuhpohualli
In episode 201 of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna explore the Aztec solar calendar, the xiuhpohualli, a 365-day agricultural count that structured daily life, festivals, and the state's ritual economy. They trace how the Mexica tracked seasons, the role of the calendar in planting and harvesting maize, the great festivals tied to the solar year, and the famous Xiuhmolpilia (New Fire Ceremony) that marked the 52-year cycle. They also examine the stone monuments like the Piedra del Sol and…
Tenochtitlan's Great Dike: Engineering the Lake
For centuries, visitors to Tenochtitlan marveled at its canals, causeways, and floating gardens. But behind that watery spectacle lay a constant threat: flood. Over time, the Aztec capital rose on a shallow, saline lake, and when torrential rains swelled the waters, entire districts could drown. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary engineering response — a twelve-mile dike called the Albarradón de Nezahualcóyotl — built in the reign of Moctezuma I. They trace the design of…
The Siege of Tenochtitlan: Water, Hunger, and the Last Days
In 1521, the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan didn't fall to Spanish steel alone—it was starved, thirsted, and drowned. Episode 199 of The Story of Mexico drills into the 75-day siege that ended the Mexica empire, reconstructing the daily terror from indigenous accounts in the Florentine Codex and the Cantares Mexicanos. Lucas and Luna trace Cortés's brutal strategy of cutting the causeways, poisoning the aqueduct, and burning the city block by block, while the defenders—led by Cuauhtémoc—fought…
The Eagle and the Sun: Aztec Huitzilopochtli
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the cult of Huitzilopochtli, the hummingbird god of war and the sun, whose shrine crowned the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan. They trace his origins from a wandering tribal patron to the axis of Aztec state religion, and dive into the myth of his birth at Coatepec — the bloody story of Coyolxauhqui and the Serpent Mountain. They look at how the Mexica used his cult to justify empire, the role of human sacrifice in feeding the sun, and the great temple's…
The Aztec Jaguar Warriors: Elite Shock Troops of the Empire
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna explore the legendary Aztec Jaguar Warriors — the cuāuhocēlōtl, an elite military order that combined the stealth of the ocelot and the ferocity of the eagle. Lucas traces their origins from the early Mexica victories to their transformation into a prestigious knightly class under Moctezuma I, and explains how the jaguar became a symbol of raw power, often associated with the god Tezcatlipoca. The conversation covers their distinctive dress…
Aztec Gold in Europe: The Assayer Who Melted an Empire
After the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521, Cortés and his men melted down Aztec gold and silver — tons of it — into ingots for shipment to Spain. But one man, a royal assayer named Juan de la Torre, recorded every bar, every mark, every peso, and his ledger survives. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the journey of that looted treasure: from the great halls of Moctezuma II to the quays of Seville, through the minting presses of the Casa de la Moneda, and into the arteries of European finance.…
Chichen Itza and the Maya-Aztec Connection
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna explore the surprising links between the Maya city of Chichen Itza and the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. They discuss the legendary Toltec ruler Quetzalcoatl (also known as Kukulkan), the shared ball game, the cult of the feathered serpent, and the flow of trade goods like turquoise and cacao. The conversation also touches on the limits of Aztec control in the Maya region, the role of the Itza in Yucatan, and how later Aztec emperors used…
The Aztec Calendar: Tonalpohualli and the Sacred Count
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the intricate calendar systems of the Aztec world, focusing on the 260-day ritual count, the tonalpohualli, and its companion, the 365-day solar year, the xiuhpohualli. They discuss how these calendars interlocked in a 52-year cycle, the role of the tonalpuhque (day keepers) who read the signs, and the everyday impact on agricultural, religious, and social life. The episode touches on the New Fire Ceremony, the xiuhmolpilia, and how the calendars guided…
The Aztec New Fire Ceremony: Cosmic Rebirth and Fear
Every 52 years, the Aztec world held its breath. As the Pleiades crossed the zenith, priests on Huixachtlan hill extinguished every fire in the empire, tore out a sacrificial heart, and relit the flame that would carry them through another cycle of existence. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the New Fire Ceremony, or xiuhmolpilia, a ritual of cosmic renewal that fused astronomy, state power, and collective terror. They unpack the 260-day tonalpohualli and 365-day xiuhpohualli calendars…
Cacao and the Aztec Elite: The Drink of Gods and Power
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the role of cacao in the Aztec world, far beyond the chocolate we know today. From the sacred drink of the elite to its use as currency and tribute, cacao was deeply woven into politics, religion, and daily life. They discuss the origins of cacao in Mesoamerica, the labor behind its production, and the rituals surrounding its consumption, including the frothy, spiced beverage favored by Moctezuma II. They also touch on the Spanish encounter with cacao and…
Tlaxcala: The Republic That Beat the Aztecs
The Tlaxcala were the Aztecs' most bitter rivals, a Nahua republic that held out against Tenochtitlan for decades, surrounded on all sides and refusing to submit. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Tlaxcala turned their defensive war into a weapon, the flower wars that bought them time, and the fateful decision when Hernán Cortés arrived in 1519. Why did they ally with the Spanish? What did they hope to gain? And how did their choice reshape Mexico forever? We look at the names…
The Aztec Merchant Spy: Pochteca and the Hidden Trade Networks
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, Lucas and Luna explore the secretive world of the pochteca, long-distance merchants of the Aztec Empire who doubled as diplomats, spies, and cultural ambassadors. They uncover how these traders navigated the tricky balance between commerce and state control, using the tianquiztli marketplaces to spread goods and influence across Mesoamerica. From their exclusive guilds and lavish feasts to their risky missions beyond the empire's borders, we see how the…
The Aztec House of Songs: Education and Poetry in Tenochtitlan
In this episode of The Story of Mexico, we step inside the calmecac and the telpochcalli, the two schools that shaped every Aztec child's life. Lucas and Luna explore how the Mexica educated their youth—from the sons of pipiltin nobles learning to read ancient codices to commoner macehualtin training for war. They discuss the role of the cuicacalli, the House of Songs, where young people memorized epic poetry and sacred hymns, and how that training produced the philosopher-king Nezahualcoyotl.…
The Aztec Flower Wars: Ritual Combat and the Politics of Sacrifice
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the flower wars, the ritualized conflicts between the Aztec Empire and its rival city-states like Tlaxcala and Huejotzingo. Unlike typical wars of conquest, these battles were designed to capture prisoners for sacrifice, not to destroy the enemy. Lucas explains how the flower wars (xochiyaoyotl in Nahuatl) were tied to the Aztec belief that the sun required human blood to rise each day, and how they served both religious and political purposes. He…
Malintzin – The Woman Who Bridged Two Worlds
This episode of The Story of Mexico dives into the life and legacy of Malintzin, the indigenous interpreter, advisor, and strategist who reshaped the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Born Malinalli near the border of the Maya and Aztec worlds, she was sold into slavery as a child, eventually given to Hernán Cortés as a slave—but became his indispensable translator and diplomat. Her linguistic mastery—speaking Nahuatl, Maya, and learning Spanish—allowed Cortés to forge alliances with the Tlaxcalans…
Cuauhtémoc and the Fall of Tenochtitlan: The Last Stand of the Aztec Empire
In this episode, we explore the dramatic final chapter of the Aztec Empire: the siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521 and the heroic resistance led by the last huey tlatoani, Cuauhtémoc. We trace the events after Moctezuma's death—the Spanish retreat during La Noche Triste, the rebuilding of Cortés's forces with Tlaxcalan allies, the strategic use of brigantines, and the devastating impact of smallpox on the city's defenders. We discuss the brutal tactics of the siege, including the cutting of the…
Moctezuma II: The Emperor Who Faced Cortés
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the reign of Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, the ninth Aztec emperor who presided over the empire's zenith and its catastrophic encounter with Hernán Cortés. We examine Moctezuma's political reforms, religious anxieties—including the omens that many believed foretold the Spanish arrival—and his controversial diplomatic strategy. Was Moctezuma a weak, indecisive leader or a sophisticated ruler trying to manage an unprecedented crisis? We parse the conflicting…
The Poetry of Kings: Nezahualcoyotl and Aztec Philosophy
Long before the Spanish arrived, the Aztecs had a rich tradition of philosophical poetry that wrestled with life's biggest questions. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the poetry of Nezahualcoyotl, the philosopher-king of Texcoco, who composed verses questioning the afterlife and the nature of truth. They discuss the concept of 'flower and song' (in xochitl in cuicatl) as the only lasting reality, the sources like the Cantares Mexicanos, and how these poems challenge our image of the…
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