Episodes
Finland's Great Famine: The 1860s Hunger Years
In the 1860s, Finland suffered one of the worst famines in European history. When the rye failed and the potatoes rotted, nearly 8% of the population died. This episode follows the catastrophe from the first cold rains of 1861 to the ragged survivors of 1868, and looks at how the disaster cracked open Finnish society and pushed it toward modernity. We meet the bureaucrats who bungled relief, the doctors who battled typhus, and the ordinary people who walked the frozen roads toward workhouses.…
Finland's 1922 Prohibition: The Law That Brewed a Nation
In 1922, Finland banned alcohol in a grand experiment to shape a new nation. But prohibition didn't dry out the country—it flooded it with moonshine, smuggling, and a black market that touched every corner of society. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the rise and fall of Finland's kieltolaki, from the temperance movement's moral crusade to the bootleggers of the Åland Islands, the rise of Helsinki's speakeasies, and the police who couldn't keep up. They meet the charismatic smugglers like…
Finland's 1944 Evacuation of Lapland: A People Uprooted
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the harrowing 1944 evacuation of Finnish Lapland, a forced displacement of nearly 100,000 people as the Lapland War raged. They follow the journey of families like the Aikio reindeer herders from Pelkosenniemi, the trek to Tornio, and the uncertain refuge in Ostrobothnia. The conversation unpacks the politics of the Moscow Armistice, the scorched-earth tactics of General Lothar Rendulic, and the quiet resilience of the Sámi and Finnish settlers who…
The Sami Path: Finland's First Peoples and the 1973 Alta Conflict
In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the long arc of the Sámi people in Finland, from the prehistoric spread of the Sámi languages to the fight for recognition that culminated in the 1973 Alta Dam protests. They explore how Sámi reindeer herding shaped the fells of Lapland, the arrival of Finnish settlers, the forced school system that suppressed the Sámi language, and the pivotal role of the 1966 Sámi Parliament. The episode unpacks the Alta controversy — a planned hydroelectric project on…
Finland's 1944 Break with Germany: The Lapland War
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Lapland War of 1944–45, when Finland, having signed an armistice with the Soviet Union, turned against its former German ally. They discuss the background, the key figure of General Lothar Rendulic, the scorched-earth tactics that destroyed Rovaniemi, the battle of Tornio, and the bitter irony of Finns fighting Germans in their own north. The conversation touches on the Morgans of the conflict, the fate of Petsamo, and how this forgotten war shaped…
Finland's 1918 Aid to the Russian Reds? The Murmansk Legion
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna turn to a little-known chapter of the Finnish Civil War: the Murmansk Legion. After the Whites won in 1918, hundreds of Finnish Red refugees—many from the industrial town of Tampere—chose to fight on the side of the Allies and the Russian Bolsheviks in the far north. Why would Finnish socialists join forces with the very power that had just crushed them? Lucas traces the chaos of 1918: the German-backed White victory, the Red retreat…
The Great Wrath 1713-1721: Finland's Russian Occupation
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into the Great Wrath — the brutal Russian occupation of Finland from 1713 to 1721, a period that scarred the national psyche and reshaped the land under Swedish rule. They follow the flight of Finnish refugees, the scorched-earth tactics of General Armfelt, and the guerrilla resistance led by figures like Matias Kivekäs. We walk through the streets of a starving Turku, trace the sissi fighting in the forests, and witness the sack of Porvoo. Lucas recounts the…
Finland's 1944 Break with Germany: The Lapland War
In September 1944, Finland signed an armistice with the Soviet Union, ending the Continuation War. But the peace came with a brutal condition: Finland had to drive its former ally, Nazi Germany, out of Finnish territory. The result was the Lapland War, a bitter campaign fought in the Arctic autumn and winter, where Finnish soldiers—many of them battle-weary veterans—found themselves fighting Germans they had fought alongside for years. This episode follows the diplomatic tightrope walked by…
Finland's Bronze Age: The Lost Warriors of the Baltic
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna step far back in time, before the Vikings, before the Crusades, to the Bronze Age — a period that shaped the very landscape of Finnish identity. They explore the Kiukainen culture, the mysterious 'warrior burials' of the Baltic, and the controversial interpretations of early Finnish ethnicity. From the bronze axes of Eura to the debated origins of the Finns, this conversation untangles the threads of archaeology, linguistics, and folklore…
Finland's Coastal Defense: The 1918 Battle of Suomenlinna
In the chaos of Finland's 1918 Civil War, the fortress island of Suomenlinna — a UNESCO World Heritage site today — became a stage for betrayal, siege, and a decisive Red defeat. In this episode, Lucas and Luna unpack the Battle of Suomenlinna: how a naval fortress founded by Sweden in the 18th century fell to the Whites after a daring coastal operation, why the Reds' surrender there foreshadowed the fall of Helsinki, and how the fortress's fate shaped Finland's naval strategy for decades. They…
Finland's 1918 German Alliance: A King for a Nation
In October 1918, as the First World War ground toward its end, the newly independent Finland made a bold and risky choice: it elected a German prince, Friedrich Karl of Hesse, as its king. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the strange, short-lived episode of the Finnish monarchy — the diplomatic maneuvering, the role of the German military, the political factions that backed the plan, and the sudden collapse that followed Germany's defeat. They trace the story from the Civil War's…
Finland's Frozen Frontier: The 1940 Battle of Suomussalmi
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into one of the most astonishing episodes of the Winter War: the Battle of Suomussalmi, where a vastly outnumbered Finnish force destroyed two Soviet divisions in the deep snows of December 1939 and January 1940. They explore how the Finnish army, led by Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo, used motti tactics and ski troops to turn the tables on a Red Army unprepared for the brutal conditions. They discuss the role of the Raate Road, the infamous motti encirclements…
Finland's 1858 Diocesan Synod: When the Church Spoke Finnish
In 1858, the Lutheran Church of Finland held a synod in Turku that quietly changed the course of the nation. For centuries, the church had spoken Swedish and Latin — but a new generation of clergy, inspired by the fennoman movement, pushed to make Finnish the language of worship, governance, and education. This episode follows the debates, the key figures like Johan Vilhelm Snellman and the archbishop Edvard Bergenheim, and the surprising resistance from Finnish-speaking farmers who feared…
The Icebreaker Sisu: Finland's 1969 Polar Rescue at the North Pole
In 1969, a Soviet icebreaker named Sibir was trapped in the Arctic ice north of Alaska, and the closest ship capable of reaching it was the Finnish icebreaker Sisu. This wasn't a military mission or a Cold War strategy — it was a single act of seamanship that would become a quiet legend in Finnish maritime history. Join Lucas and Luna as they trace the Sisu's perilous voyage through the polar night, the tense negotiations with Soviet officials, the engineering feats of Finnish icebreaker…
Finland's 1809 Porvoo Diet: Losing Sweden, Finding a Nation
In 1809, as the Napoleonic Wars redrew Europe's map, Finland was wrested from Sweden and absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Diet of Porvoo — a single assembly of the Finnish estates — became the unlikely birthplace of Finnish statehood. Emperor Alexander I's promise to preserve Finland's laws and religion gave the Finns something Sweden never offered: a distinct political identity. This episode follows the twists of the Finnish War, the daring diplomat who shaped the outcome, and the quiet…
Lotta Svärd: Finland's Women Who Fought From the Home Front
In 1918, a voluntary organization of Finnish women took its name from the wife of a fictional soldier. Within a quarter-century, Lotta Svärd would grow into one of the world's largest paramilitary women's organizations, and their service on the home front would prove as vital as the men in the trenches. In this episode of The Story of Finland, we follow the Lottas from their founding after the Civil War to their central role in the Winter War and Continuation War, when more than 240,000 Finnish…
Tampere 1918: The Civil War Battle That Shaped Finland
In March-April 1918, the newly independent Finland tore itself apart in a brutal civil war. This episode zooms in on the decisive Battle of Tampere, the largest military engagement in Nordic history up to that time. We’ll follow the White forces under General Mannerheim as they besiege the Red-held industrial city, the bitter street fighting in Pispala and around Näsilinna, and the role of the German-trained Jäger troops. The battle ended with a White victory that sealed the fate of the Reds…
Helsinki Accords 1975: Finland Hosts the Superpowers
In 1975, amid the Cold War, Helsinki became the stage for one of the 20th century's most pivotal diplomatic gatherings: the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. This episode dives into how President Urho Kekkonen leveraged Finland's neutral status to bring together 35 nations—including the US, USSR, and all of Europe—to sign the Helsinki Accords. We explore the high-stakes negotiations, the three 'baskets' of agreements, the human rights provisions that would later inspire…
Finland's 1906 Suffrage Reform: The Grand Duchy That Gave Women the Vote
In 1906, Finland—then an autonomous Grand Duchy under Tsarist Russia—enacted one of the most progressive parliamentary reforms of its time, granting universal suffrage to all men and women aged 24 and older, and establishing a unicameral parliament, the Eduskunta. This episode delves into the dramatic context: the 1905 general strike that paralyzed the empire, the weakening of autocracy after the Russo-Japanese War, and the alliance of social democrats and liberals that pushed through the…
Finland's Treaty of Tartu 1920: Forging a Border with the Bear
In 1920, a young and scarred Finland sat down with Soviet Russia in the Estonian town of Tartu to draw a frontier that would shape the next century. This episode walks through the tense negotiations led by J.K. Paasikivi, the bitter compromises over Repola and Porajärvi, and the surprising prize of the ice-free Arctic port of Petsamo. We explore how the treaty ended the active hostilities of the Finnish Civil War's aftermath, locked in the border that would be tested again in 1939, and set the…
The Greater Wrath: Finland Under Russian Occupation 1713-1721
Before the Winter War, before the autonomy, there was the Isoviha — the Great Wrath. For almost a decade, Russian forces occupied Finland, burning villages, deporting officials, and grinding down a population already exhausted by war. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the brutal occupation of 1713-1721, the guerrilla resistance led by farmers and clergy, and the lasting scars that shaped Finnish identity. They walk through the fall of Helsinki, the hit-and-run tactics of the sissi…
Mikael Agricola: The Father of Written Finnish
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna explore the life and legacy of Mikael Agricola, the 16th-century bishop who single-handedly created the Finnish literary language. We trace his education under Martin Luther, his translation of the New Testament (finished in 1548), and his groundbreaking ABC book (Abckiria) that taught a nation to read. Along the way, we discuss the orthographic battles of the time—why Agricola chose certain letters and spellings—and how his work laid the…
Tove Jansson and the Moomins: Finland's Soft Power in a Divided World
This episode of The Story of Finland dives into the life and legacy of Tove Jansson, the Swedish-speaking Finnish artist who created the Moomins. From the first Moomin book published in 1945, amid the rubble of war, to the global phenomenon of the comic strip that ran in London's Evening News from 1954 to 1975, we explore how these gentle trolls became a symbol of Finnish resilience and creativity. Lucas and Luna discuss Jansson's subtle critiques of totalitarianism—how stories like "Moominland…
Lalli and Pyhä Henrik: Finland's Murderous Founding Myth
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna explore the 12th-century legend of Bishop Henry and the peasant Lalli. Was Bishop Henry a real figure? Did Lalli really kill him on the ice of Lake Köyliö? We dive into the earliest written accounts, the archaeological evidence, and how this violent myth became a cornerstone of Finnish Christian identity—and later a symbol of resistance. Learn about the first Swedish crusade, the spread of Christianity in Finland, and why a medieval murder…
Elias Lönnrot and the Birth of the Kalevala: Forging a National Soul
In Episode 180 of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna explore the remarkable story of Elias Lönnrot and his compilation of the Kalevala, Finland's national epic. Discover how a 19th-century physician walked thousands of miles through remote Karelia, collecting ancient oral poems from elderly rune singers. Lucas explains Lönnrot's meticulous process of weaving fragments into a coherent narrative, balancing authenticity with creative synthesis. The episode examines the Kalevala's profound impact…
The Cudgel War: Finland's Peasant Revolt of 1596-1597
In the late 16th century, Finland was a province of Sweden, battered by war taxes and noble oppression. The peasants of Ostrobothnia, led by the fiery Jaakko Ilkka, rose up with little more than clubs—cudgels—against the knights of Klaus Fleming. This episode of The Story of Finland explores the Nuijasota, the Cudgel War, a desperate rebellion that ended in bloody defeat at the Battle of Santavuori. We trace the causes: the crushing burden of the Livonian War, the arrogance of the nobility, and…
Finland's Great Famine 1866-1868: A Nation's Crucible
In the 1860s, Finland, then a Grand Duchy of Russia, suffered one of the worst famines in European history. Over 270,000 people died — nearly 10% of the population — as successive crop failures, a harsh winter, and inadequate infrastructure led to mass starvation and disease. This episode dives into the causes: the potato blight, government mismanagement, and the role of the Senate under J.V. Snellman. We explore the famine's profound impact: spurring land reform, railway construction, and the…
Finland's 1918 Prison Camps: The Civil War's Forgotten Tragedy
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna delve into one of the darkest chapters of Finnish history: the prison camps that followed the 1918 Civil War. While the battles lasted only months, the camps claimed over 12,000 lives, mostly from disease and starvation. Lucas explores the conditions at Suomenlinna, Lappeenranta, and Viipuri, the role of the White leadership under Mannerheim and Svinhufvud, and the troubling question of responsibility. He discusses the political decision…
Finland's 1932 St. Urho's Day: A Joke That Became a Tradition
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna explore the curious tale of St. Urho's Day—a completely fabricated Finnish-American holiday that somehow became a genuine cultural touchstone. Born in the 1950s in Minnesota, St. Urho is said to have driven grasshoppers out of Finland by shouting 'Heinäsirkka, heinäsirkka, mene täältä!' It's a playful parody of St. Patrick's Day, but it raises interesting questions about diaspora identity, how communities invent traditions, and what those…
Finland's Sauna Diplomacy: Sweat, Steam, and Statecraft
This episode dives into one of Finland's most curious diplomatic tools: the sauna. From the Winter War to Cold War summits, Finnish leaders like Urho Kekkonen hosted Soviet premiers, American ambassadors, and even Nikita Khrushchev in the löyly. We explore how the shared vulnerability of nudity and heat broke ice between East and West, how sauna culture shaped Finnish resilience, and why a 1958 diplomatic sauna session nearly sparked a crisis. Along the way, we meet the legendary sauna builder…
Finland's 1918 Land Reform: How the Reds Lost the Peasants
In the wake of Finland's 1918 Civil War, the victorious White government faced a burning question: what to do about the landless rural population that had flocked to the Red side? This episode digs into the 1918 Lex Tulenheimo — a land reform law that promised to turn tenant farmers into landowners, aiming to undercut support for socialism. We follow the debate through the Eduskunta, the role of the Agrarian League, and how the reform reshaped the Finnish countryside for decades. Along the way…
Finland's 1899 February Manifesto: The Tsar Who Forgot a Grand Duchy
In February 1899, Tsar Nicholas II signed a document that would unravel a century of Finnish autonomy and ignite a national resistance. This episode of The Story of Finland: Survival Between East and West explores the February Manifesto — its origins in Russian imperial policy, its architect Nikolay Bobrikov, and the fierce backlash it provoked. We unpack the Great Address, a petition signed by over 500,000 Finns, and the cultural boycott that followed, including the emergence of Finland's own…
Finland's 1944 Battle of Ilomantsi: The Last Victory
In late July 1944, as Finland desperately sought a way out of the Continuation War, a little-known battle in the remote forests of North Karelia delivered a decisive Finnish victory. This episode takes you to the Battle of Ilomantsi, where Finnish forces under General Erkki Raappana encircled and destroyed two Soviet divisions. We cover the daring motti tactics, the role of the 14th Division, and how this victory strengthened Finland's negotiating position for the Moscow Armistice. We also…
Finland's 1938 Secret Talks with the USSR: The Last Chance for Peace
Before the Winter War began in 1939, Finland and the Soviet Union held a year of secret diplomatic negotiations in Moscow, Helsinki, and even a clandestine meeting in Stockholm. This episode follows the tense exchanges between Finnish envoy Juho Kusti Paasikivi and Soviet Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov, the territorial demands over the Karelian Isthmus and the Hanko Peninsula, and the role of the Åland Islands as a bargaining chip. We explore the internal Finnish debate, the influence of the…
Finland's 1939 Winter War: The Motti Tactics That Stunned Stalin
In this episode of The Story of Finland, Lucas and Luna dive into the winter of 1939-40, when tiny Finland faced the Soviet juggernaut in the Winter War. They focus on the ingenious motti tactics that allowed Finnish troops to surround and destroy isolated Soviet columns in the dense forests of Karelia. Lucas explains how General Viljo Tuompo and Colonel Paavo Talvela orchestrated the encirclements at Suomussalmi and Raate Road, where Finnish ski troops ambushed and annihilated entire Soviet…
Finland's 1941 Winter War Air Battles Over Viipuri
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the aerial combat that took place over Viipuri and the Karelian Isthmus during the early months of the Continuation War in 1941. They focus on the Finnish Air Force's use of the Fokker D.XXI fighter, a pre-war Dutch design that faced overwhelming Soviet air power. The conversation highlights the exploits of ace pilot Hans Wind, who scored his first victories during this period, and the strategic role of the Lentolaivue 32 squadron. Lucas explains how…
Finland's 1809 Diet of Porvoo: Birth of a Nation, Not a Battle
Long before the Winter War or the Civil War, Finland found its modern political voice at the Diet of Porvoo in 1809. After Sweden lost Finland to Russia in the Finnish War, Tsar Alexander I convened a meeting of the four Finnish estates at Porvoo Cathedral. But this wasn't a conquest — it was a bargain. By promising to uphold Finnish laws, religion, and privileges, Alexander secured Finland's loyalty as an autonomous Grand Duchy. Lucas and Luna explore the tense negotiations, the role of…
Finland's 1944 Tali-Ihantala through the eyes of an artillery spotter
This episode zooms in on the largest battle in Nordic history—the 1944 Battle of Tali-Ihantala—through the specific, tactical lens of Finnish artillery spotting. Lucas and Luna discuss the critical role of forward observers like Ilmari 'Pyssy' Järvinen, who directed fire from exposed positions as Soviet armored columns advanced on the Karelian Isthmus. They explore the improvisation that saved Finland: the use of captured Soviet artillery pieces, the integration of German Sturmgeschütz assault…
Finland's 1919 Prohibition: A Sober Experiment in Sisu
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Finland's failed experiment with prohibition from 1919 to 1932. They dive into the law's origins, the rise of smuggling networks led by figures like Algot Niska, the role of sisu in bootlegging, and the eventual repeal. Along the way, they discuss the impact on Finnish society, the rise of organized crime, and how prohibition shaped Finland's relationship with alcohol that persists today. #Finland #Prohibition #Sisu #AlgotNiska #Kieltolaki #Bootlegging…
Finland's 1961 Note Crisis: Kekkonen's Tightrope Walk
In 1961, the Soviet Union sent a note to Finland demanding military consultations, threatening Finland's hard-won neutrality. This episode dives into the Note Crisis, a pivotal moment that tested President Urho Kekkonen's balancing act between East and West. We explore the diplomatic maneuvers, the role of the 1948 YYA Treaty, the impact on the 1962 presidential election, and how Kekkonen turned a potential crisis into a personal victory. Learn about the secret Soviet motivations, the…
Finland's 1918 White Terror: Civil War Atrocities Beyond the Prison Camps
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore a dark chapter of Finland's 1918 Civil War: the White Terror that accompanied the White Guard's victory. They discuss the summary executions of Red prisoners, the role of German-trained Jaegers in the violence, and the controversial figure of Major Carl von Bonsdorff. The conversation examines how the White leadership, including Mannerheim and Svinhufvud, dealt with the aftermath, and how the terror shaped Finland's post-war reconciliation. Specific…
Finland's 1948 Treaty of Friendship With the USSR: A Delicate Balancing Act
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the 1948 Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance between Finland and the Soviet Union. They examine how this pivotal treaty, signed in Moscow by Juho Kusti Paasikivi and Joseph Stalin, defined Finland's Cold War neutrality. The conversation covers the treaty's military clauses, its impact on Finnish foreign policy, and the concept of Finlandization. Lucas explains how the YYA Treaty allowed Finland to maintain independence while…
Finland's 1941 Soviet Air Raid on Turku: Civilian Endurance
In June 1941, as Finland launched the Continuation War, Soviet bombers struck Turku, the country's second-largest city. This episode follows the air raid on June 25, 1941, when over 50 Soviet planes targeted Turku's port and city center, killing 51 civilians and destroying homes, including the medieval Turku Cathedral's roof. We discuss the city's unprepared defenses, the evacuation of children, and the resilience of the Turku residents who rebuilt. We also touch on the broader context of…
Finland's 1918 German King: The Monarchy That Lasted Two Months
In October 1918, fresh from civil war, Finland's parliament elected a German prince as king. Friedrich Karl of Hesse never set foot in his new kingdom, and the monarchy collapsed with Germany's defeat weeks later. This episode traces the bizarre episode of Finnish monarchism: why a nation that prided itself on self-rule turned to a German prince, how the White victory in the civil war created a window for royalists, and why the king's would-be reign ended before it began. We follow the…
Finland's 1941 Reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus
In the summer of 1941, as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, Finland saw its chance to reclaim the territories lost in the Winter War. This episode focuses on the Finnish Army's rapid advance into the Karelian Isthmus, the recapture of Viipuri, and the complex motivations behind the Continuation War. We explore the role of Marshal Mannerheim, the controversial decision to stop at the old border, and the impact of Finnish cooperation with Nazi Germany. Featuring the Battle of Viipuri, the role of…
Finland's 1944 Great Withdrawal from Northern Lapland
In the fall of 1944, as the Moscow Armistice forced Finland to turn against its former German ally, the Finnish army faced an impossible task: evacuating 100,000 civilians and their livestock from northern Lapland before the scorched-earth retreat of the German 20th Mountain Army. This episode follows the harrowing evacuation of the Skolt Sámi village of Suonikylä and the destruction of Inari, where the Germans dynamited every building. We explore how Lieutenant Colonel Yrjö Autio organized the…
Finland's 1918 Civil War and the White Guard's Secret German Alliance
In the aftermath of Finland's declaration of independence in December 1917, the nation plunged into a bitter civil war that pitted the conservative Senate (the Whites) against the socialist Red Guards. But behind the scenes, a crucial factor tilted the balance: German military intervention. This episode digs into the secret negotiations between the White leadership—particularly General C.G.E. Mannerheim and the Senate's Pehr Evind Svinhufvud—and the German Empire. We explore how the 27th Royal…
Finland's 1944 Porkkala Lease: A Soviet Base on Finnish Soil
In September 1944, as the Continuation War ended, Finland signed the Moscow Armistice — and one of its most painful terms was the lease of the Porkkala peninsula to the Soviet Union for 50 years. Just 17 kilometers from Helsinki, this area became a closed Soviet military zone, complete with barracks, airfields, and a naval base. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Porkkala functioned as a 'state within a state,' the impact on the 7,000 Finns forced to evacuate, and the tense daily…
Finland's 1960 UN Battle of the Congo: Blue Berets in the Jungle
In 1960, Finland sent its first UN peacekeeping mission to the Congo, where Finnish soldiers in blue berets faced jungle warfare, political chaos, and the brutal murder of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This episode follows the story of the Finnish battalion, including Major Lauri Ketonen and the siege of Kasai province, as they navigated the collapse of Belgian colonial rule and Cold War rivalries. We explore how this mission shaped Finland's identity as a neutral peacekeeper, the challenges…
Finland's 1918 Prison Camps: The Civil War's Hidden Tragedy
In the aftermath of Finland's 1918 Civil War, the victorious Whites imprisoned over 80,000 Reds—men, women, and children—in hastily constructed camps. This episode explores the horrifying conditions that led to the deaths of over 13,000 prisoners, mostly from starvation, disease, and neglect. We focus on the largest camp, Suomenlinna, a fortress island off Helsinki, and the smaller Lappeenranta camp housed in a former Russian barracks. We discuss the role of White commander Hannes Ignatius, who…
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