Episodes
Napoleon's 1805 Ulm Campaign: The March That Fooled Austria
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Napoleon's 1805 Ulm Campaign, the lightning maneuver that destroyed an Austrian army before Austerlitz. They discuss how the Grande Armée marched from the Channel coast to the Danube in weeks, the role of Marshal Murat's cavalry screen, and the surrender of General Karl Mack at Ulm. The episode covers the strategic deception, the crossing of the Rhine, the battles of Wertingen and Elchingen, and the political fallout in Vienna. Lucas explains why this…
The Continental System's Collapse: Portugal and the Peninsular War
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the Continental System's fatal flaw: Portugal's defiance. Napoleon's 1807 ultimatum to Lisbon, the Franco-Spanish invasion, and the royal family's flight to Brazil under British escort — all set the stage for the Peninsular War. We trace the pivotal role of the Portuguese fleet, the secret Convention of Fontainebleau, the brutal occupation under Junot, and the 1808 uprising that ignited a guerrilla war. With names like Dom João VI…
Napoleon's Continental System: Europe's First Trade War
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Napoleon's Continental System—the ambitious economic blockade designed to strangulate Britain. They trace its origins in the Berlin Decree of 1806, its enforcement through customs agents and special courts, and its unintended consequences: smuggling, substitute industries, and the seeds of European resistance. They discuss how the system shaped Napoleon's policy in Spain and Russia, and why economists today debate its true impact on Britain. From the…
Napoleon's Dogs in Battle: Canine Soldiers of the Grande Armée
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the surprising role of dogs in Napoleon's campaigns. From regimental mascots like Moustache, the French poodle who served at Austerlitz and was cited for bravery, to the fierce Cane Corso breed used in Italy, and the grim use of dogs in the Haitian Revolution. They discuss how dogs were practical tools—messengers, sentinels, and companions—and how their presence shaped soldier morale and military history. The episode touches on specific battles, breeds…
Napoleon's Egyptian Science Legacy: The Rosetta Stone
In this episode of Fexingo History, we explore the scientific and cultural legacy of Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, focusing on the scholars who traveled with the army, the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, and the monumental Description de l'Égypte. Join Lucas and Luna as they discuss the clash of science and empire, the work of Gaspard Monge and Vivant Denon, the significance of the Institut d'Égypte, and how the expedition transformed Europe's understanding of ancient Egypt, ultimately…
Napoleon's Egyptian Expedition: Science and Empire
In 1798, a young General Bonaparte set sail for Egypt with an army of 38,000 men — and an army of 167 scientists, artists, and engineers. This episode unpacks the extraordinary collision of Enlightenment science and colonial ambition that was the Egyptian Expedition. We follow the Battle of the Pyramids, the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, the founding of the Institut d'Égypte, and the first true survey of the Nile and its monuments. We also look beneath the adventure story: the brutal…
Napoleon's Secret Weapon: The Imperial Guard
Napoleon's Imperial Guard was more than an elite fighting force; it was a political instrument, a symbol of the Revolution turned empire, and a tool of personal control. This episode traces the Guard from its origins in the Directory's Garde du Directoire to its transformation under Napoleon, and follows its evolution through the campaigns of Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland, and Wagram. We examine the social structure—from the Grenadiers à Pied to the Mamelukes—and the privileges that made…
Napoleon's Marshals and Their Corps d'Armée System
The corps d'armée was Napoleon's great organizational weapon, turning the Grande Armée into a self-sufficient machine of war. This episode follows the system from its invention on the Channel coast in 1804 to its field test at Austerlitz, where Lannes and Bernadotte held the line on the Pratzen Heights. Lucas and Luna get into the logistics: how a corps marched in square formation, fed itself, and fought alone for a day while the rest of the army converged. For those who remember Jena from…
Napoleon's Marshals: Davout, Ney, and the Iron Elite
Napoleon's empire was built on the backs of twenty-six men he made Marshals of the Empire. This episode zooms in on two of the most extraordinary: Louis-Nicolas Davout, the 'Iron Marshal' who never lost a battle, and Michel Ney, 'the bravest of the brave', whose courage and recklessness defined the era. We follow Davout's stunning victory at Auerstedt against impossible odds, and Ney's desperate rearguard action during the retreat from Moscow. We also touch on the complicated politics of the…
The Paris Arsenal and the Gun That Shaped Europe
Lucas and Luna step into the world of 19th-century artillery, from the Gribeauval system that standardised French cannons to the 12-pounder 'Napoleon' that dominated battlefields from Crimea to Gettysburg. They explore how Napoleon's love of the 12-pounder and the Grande Armée's artillery tactics rewrote the rules of war, and how the gun's design carried the emperor's legacy across the Atlantic. Along the way, they trace the industrial and scientific networks behind the arsenals, the role of…
Napoleon's 1812 Invasion of Russia: The Road to Ruin
In this episode, we trace Napoleon's catastrophic 1812 invasion of Russia — the largest military campaign of its time — and the chain of decisions that turned a staggering triumph into an epic disaster. From the crossing of the Niemen River with over 600,000 men to the burning of Moscow and the brutal winter retreat across the Berezina, we explore how Tsar Alexander I's strategy of scorched earth, the vastness of the Russian steppe, and the collapse of the Grande Armée's supply lines shattered…
Napoleon's Marshals: The Men Who Led the Grande Armée
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the men Napoleon trusted to command his armies—the marshals of the Grande Armée. From the raw courage of Ney at the rear guard in Russia to the strategic brilliance of Davout at Auerstedt, we see how these men were forged in battle and often broke under the strain. We discuss the creation of the Marshalate in 1804, the mix of skill and favoritism in their selection, and how their rivalries and ambitions both served and undermined the Emperor. Special…
Napoleon's 1806 Berlin Decrees and the Continental System
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Napoleon's Continental System, the ambitious economic blockade designed to starve Britain into submission. They trace its origins in the Berlin Decree of 1806, its enforcement through the Milan Decree and the French customs police, and its unintended consequences—from the rise of smuggling and ersatz goods to the economic strains that fueled resistance across Europe. Along the way, they discuss the system's impact on neutral powers like the United States…
Napoleon's Moscow Retreat: The Fatal Winter
In 1812, Napoleon led the largest army Europe had ever seen into Russia. This episode follows the Grande Armée from the bloody fields of Borodino to the gates of Moscow, and then into the catastrophic retreat that destroyed an army of over half a million men. We look at the scorched-earth tactics of the Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov, the burning of Moscow, the desperate fight at the Berezina River, and the harsh winter that became Napoleon's true enemy. Along the way, we consider the role of…
Napoleon's 1807 Polish Campaign: The Road to Friedland
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna revisit the winter of 1806–1807, when Napoleon marched into Poland to face the Russians and Prussians in a brutal campaign that would culminate in the Battle of Friedland. They trace the bloody stalemate at Eylau, the bitter cold and supply shortages that decimated the Grande Armée, and the political maneuvering that led to the Treaty of Tilsit. Along the way, they meet the key figures: the cautious Russian general Bennigsen, the impetuous…
Borodino: The Bloody Preamble to Napoleon's Fall
In September 1812, the Grande Armée met the Russian Imperial Army at Borodino, a village west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the bloodiest single day of the Napoleonic Wars—over 70,000 casualties in twelve hours. Napoleon failed to destroy the Russian army, and the pyrrhic victory opened the road to Moscow but also sealed the fate of the invasion. We explore the tactical decisions, the death of General Bagration, the pivotal role of the Raevsky Redoubt, and why Napoleon hesitated to…
Marshal Lannes: Napoleon's Closest Friend and Warrior
In this episode, we explore the life and career of Marshal Jean Lannes, one of Napoleon's most trusted and brilliant commanders. From his humble beginnings as the son of a Gascon stable keeper to his rise as the Duc de Montebello, Lannes was a key figure in Napoleon's early victories. We delve into his role in the Italian campaign, his heroics at Austerlitz, his controversial siege of Saragossa, and his tragic death at Aspern-Essling. Along the way, we uncover the personal bond between Lannes…
The Congress of Vienna: Redrawing Europe's Borders
In the wake of Napoleon's final defeat, European diplomats converged on Vienna for eight months of negotiations that would reshape the continent for a century. This episode explores the key players—Metternich, Alexander I, Castlereagh, Talleyrand—and the delicate balance of power politics that created the German Confederation, redrew national boundaries, and set the stage for modern Europe. We examine the contested Polish-Saxon question, the Hundred Days interruption, and the legacy of the…
Napoleon and the End of the Holy Roman Empire
For a thousand years, the Holy Roman Empire had been the heart of Europe—a patchwork of kingdoms, duchies, free cities, and ecclesiastical states. Then Napoleon Bonaparte dismantled it in a matter of months. This episode explores the final act of the Reich, from the Austerlitz aftershocks to the humiliating abdication of Emperor Francis II in 1806. We trace the secularization and mediatization that began with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the creation of the Confederation of the…
Bailén: The First Crack in Napoleon's Invincibility
In July 1808, a French army under General Dupont surrendered to Spanish forces at Bailén, marking the first major land defeat of Napoleon's Grande Armée. This episode explores the battle itself — from the sweltering plains of Andalusia to the decisive intervention of Swiss regiments — and its aftermath: the shattering of Napoleon's aura of invincibility, the collapse of French control in Spain, and the rise of guerrilla warfare that would bleed the Empire dry. We follow the rivalry between…
Leipzig 1813: The Battle of the Nations That Broke Napoleon
In October 1813, Napoleon Bonaparte faced the largest battle Europe had ever seen — the Battle of Leipzig, or Völkerschlacht. After his disastrous Russian campaign, he had raised a new army of 195,000 men, but the Sixth Coalition — Prussia, Russia, Austria, Sweden, and others — amassed 365,000 troops near the Saxon city. Over four days of brutal fighting at villages like Wachau, Liebertwolkwitz, and Probstheida, Napoleon came close to victory but was undone by the defection of his Saxon allies…
Jena-Auerstedt: The Day Napoleon Shattered Prussia
In October 1806, Napoleon's Grande Armée struck Prussia with devastating speed. Within a single day, two separate battles — Jena and Auerstedt — destroyed the Prussian army that had been Europe's finest under Frederick the Great. This episode unpacks the double victory: how Napoleon misjudged the enemy position, how Marshal Davout's III Corps fought an epic defensive battle against overwhelming odds, and how the Prussian state collapsed within weeks. We explore the tactical decisions, the role…
Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign: The Birth of a Legend
Before the empire, before the grand battles of Austerlitz and Waterloo, Napoleon Bonaparte was a young general leading a ragged army over the Alps. This episode of The Napoleonic Wars: How Europe Was Rewritten takes you into the heart of the 1796 Italian campaign — a series of lightning victories that stunned Europe and forged Bonaparte's reputation. We walk through the Battle of Lodi, where he first earned the nickname 'the Little Corporal' from his grenadiers; the desperate crossing of the…
Napoleon and the Jews: The Great Sanhedrin of 1807
In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte summoned an Assembly of Jewish Notables to a series of questions about Jewish law and loyalty. Their responses led to the creation of a modern Great Sanhedrin in Paris, a body not seen since antiquity. This episode explores Napoleon's motivations—part emancipation, part control—and how the resulting consistory system shaped Jewish life in France and beyond. We discuss the twelve questions posed by the Emperor, the notables' careful answers, the attempt to reconcile…
Napoleon's Continental System: The Blockade That Backfired
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Napoleon's ambitious economic war against Britain—the Continental System. After his triumph at Tilsit, Napoleon sought to strangle the British Isles by closing all European ports to British trade. They break down the Berlin Decree of 1806, the Milan Decree, and the British response with Orders in Council. They discuss how the blockade sparked rampant smuggling, devastated neutral nations like Denmark, and ultimately sowed the seeds of Napoleon's downfall…
Napoleon's Masterpiece: The Battle of Austerlitz 1805
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into Napoleon's greatest victory: the Battle of Austerlitz, fought on December 2, 1805. They unpack the strategic genius behind the French victory over the combined Russian and Austrian armies, the infamous Allied plan drawn up by General Weyrother, and the decisive moment when Napoleon ordered Soult's corps to storm the Pratzen Heights. Along the way, they discuss the Sun of Austerlitz, the role of Marshal Davout's forced march from Vienna, and the Treaty…
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign 1798: Science and Sand
In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte launched a bold invasion of Egypt, aiming to disrupt British trade routes and carve out a new empire in the Orient. But alongside his soldiers sailed a remarkable corps: 167 scientists, engineers, and artists who would study and document every facet of Egyptian civilization. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Institut d'Égypte, the creation of the monumental Description de l'Égypte, and the discovery of the Rosetta Stone. They discuss how this scientific…
Napoleon's Secret Police: Fouché and the Ministry of Police
In this episode of The Napoleonic Wars: How Europe Was Rewritten, Lucas and Luna explore the shadowy world of Napoleon's security state through the career of Joseph Fouché, his Minister of Police. They discuss how Fouché built a vast surveillance network across France, using spies, informants, and prefects to monitor dissent and control public opinion. The episode covers Fouché's role in uncovering royalist plots like the Cadoudal conspiracy and his ability to survive Napoleon's suspicions. It…
Napoleon's 1809 Battle of Wagram: The Bloody Climax of the Danube Campaign
In Episode 172 of The Napoleonic Wars, Lucas and Luna dive into the 1809 Danube Campaign, focusing on the Battle of Wagram. After the shocking Austrian defeat at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon rebuilds his army and crosses the Danube again. The episode explores the brutal two-day battle that forced Archduke Charles to sue for peace, the Treaty of Schönbrunn that humbled Austria, and the controversial actions of Marshal Bernadotte. Lucas unpacks the tactical innovations, the role of the French cavalry…
Napoleon's Hundred Days: The Gamble That Ended an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Napoleon's astonishing return from exile in 1815—the Hundred Days that shook Europe. They trace his landing at Golfe-Juan, the triumphant march on Paris via the Route Napoléon, the flight of Louis XVIII, and the desperate diplomacy that followed. The conversation delves into the Congress of Vienna's reaction, the Acte Additionnel, the Champ de Mai, and the fatal decision to march into Belgium. Key figures include Marshal Ney, who betrayed Louis XVIII and…
Napoleon's Concordat: Mending Church-State Relations in France
After a decade of revolutionary chaos and dechristianization, Napoleon Bonaparte sought to stabilize France by mending the broken relationship between the state and the Catholic Church. In this episode, we explore the 1801 Concordat with Pope Pius VII, the delicate negotiations led by Abbé Bernier, and the resulting Organic Articles that reasserted state control. We discuss how the Concordat ended schism, brought back public worship, and created a new balance between Paris and Rome that lasted…
Napoleon's Civil Code: The Law That Shaped Modern Europe
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte enacted the Code Civil des Français, a revolutionary legal framework that swept away the patchwork of feudal laws across France and much of Europe. This episode dives into the drafting process led by Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, the key principles of the code — equality before the law, protection of property rights, secular marriage — and its darker side: the subordination of women under paternal authority, the re-establishment of slavery in French colonies, and…
Napoleon's 1815 Waterloo: The Final Gambit
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dissect the climactic Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, where Napoleon Bonaparte faced the combined forces of the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard von Blücher. They explore the strategic miscalculations, the key moments like the defense of Hougoumont and the failed attack of the Imperial Guard, and the political aftermath that led to Napoleon's second abdication and exile to Saint Helena. The conversation also touches on the controversial role of Marshal…
Napoleon's 1807 Treaty of Tilsit: The Meeting That Redrew Europe
In July 1807, Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I met on a raft in the middle of the Niemen River to reshape Europe. This episode unpacks the diplomatic theater and real power moves of the Treaty of Tilsit: the personal chemistry between the two emperors, the secret clauses that carved up Prussia and created the Duchy of Warsaw, and how the fragile Franco-Russian alliance set the stage for the 1812 invasion. We also look at Queen Louise of Prussia's failed plea to Napoleon and the peace that left…
Napoleon's 1808 Bayonne: The Abdication That Exploded Spain
In May 1808, Napoleon lured the Spanish royal family to Bayonne, France, and forced both King Charles IV and his son Ferdinand VII to abdicate. What followed was a chaotic transfer of power that ignited a guerrilla war across Spain, tying down hundreds of thousands of French troops for years. This episode traces the Bayonne Abdications step by step: the Aranjuez mutiny that ousted Godoy, the rival courts of Charles and Ferdinand, Napoleon's manipulation at the Château de Marracq, the selection…
Napoleon's 1812 Retreat: The Winter That Devoured the Grande Armée
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the catastrophic 1812 retreat of Napoleon's Grande Armée from Russia. They trace the army's march east, the burning of Moscow, and the harrowing journey back through the snow. Key figures include Napoleon himself, Tsar Alexander I, Marshal Ney (the bravest of the brave), and General Kutuzov. The conversation covers the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, the crossing of the Berezina River, and the collapse of discipline. Statistical horrors are laid bare: 600,000…
Napoleon's Russian Invasion: The Fatal March to Moscow
In June 1812, Napoleon crossed the Niemen River with the largest army Europe had ever seen—the Grande Armée, over 600,000 men from across his empire. This episode follows the Russian Campaign from its disastrous start through the pyrrhic capture of Moscow, the devastating retreat, and the collapse of Napoleon's invincible legend. We explore Tsar Alexander I's strategic withdrawal, General Barclay de Tolly's scorched-earth tactics, the bloody stalemate at Borodino, the fire that consumed Moscow…
Napoleon's 1810 Marriage to Marie Louise: An Austrian Alliance
After divorcing Josephine, Napoleon sought a dynastic marriage to secure his empire. This episode explores his courtship of Marie Louise, daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis II — a match that shocked Europe. We discuss the negotiations in Vienna, the proxy wedding in the Augustinerkirche, the grand festivities in Paris, and the birth of the King of Rome. But was this alliance a strategic masterstroke or a fatal miscalculation? We examine the political calculus behind the marriage, the personal…
The War That Never Was: Napoleon's Planned Invasion of England
In 1803–1805, Napoleon assembled the largest amphibious force Europe had ever seen—the Armée d'Angleterre—at camps around Boulogne. This episode dives into the logistics, the flat-bottomed invasion barges, the training camps, the intelligence war, and the grand strategy that was abandoned after Trafalgar and Ulm. We discuss Admiral Latouche-Tréville's death, the role of the Breton coast, the British defensive preparations (Martello towers, the Royal Navy's blockade), and why Napoleon ultimately…
Napoleon's 1808 Madrid Uprising: The Dos de Mayo
In this episode, Lucas and Luna revisit the bloody spark of the Peninsular War: the Dos de Mayo uprising in Madrid on May 2, 1808. They trace the events from the arrival of Joachim Murat's troops to the spontaneous revolt at the Royal Palace, the street fighting led by artillery captains Daoíz and Velarde, and the brutal French reprisals immortalized by Goya. The conversation explores how a seemingly minor rebellion ignited a six-year guerrilla war that drained Napoleon's empire. Names like…
Napoleon's 1805-1809 Spanish Misstep: The Dos de Mayo Uprising
In 1808, Napoleon lured the Spanish royal family to Bayonne and forced their abdication, sparking a popular uprising in Madrid on May 2—the Dos de Mayo. This episode follows the revolt led by artillery captains Daoíz and Velarde, the brutal French reprisals by Murat's Mamelukes, and the wave of guerrilla warfare that tied down hundreds of thousands of French troops for years. We examine the role of the Junta de Defensa, the execution of the rebels at Moncloa, and how this seemingly minor…
Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign 1798: Science and Sand
In 1798, General Napoleon Bonaparte sailed for Egypt with not just an army but a 167-strong commission of scientists, artists, and engineers — the famous 'savants.' Their mission: conquer Egypt and study it. Under the banner of the Institut d'Égypte, they surveyed pyramids, deciphered hieroglyphs (starting with the Rosetta Stone), and published the monumental 'Description de l'Égypte.' But the campaign itself was a military disaster: Nelson destroyed the French fleet at Aboukir Bay, the Ottoman…
The Queen of Two Sicilies: Maria Carolina vs Napoleon
While Napoleon reshaped Europe through battles and treaties, one woman fought him with spies, diplomacy, and sheer defiance: Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples. This episode dives into her secret correspondence, her alliance with Britain, and her role in the 1799 expulsion of the French from Naples. We explore the brutal Neapolitan counter-revolution, the Flight to Palermo, and how Napoleon eventually deposed her in 1806 to install his brother Joseph. A story of a queen who was called…
Napoleon's 1806 Jena-Auerstedt: The Double Battle That Crushed Prussia
In October 1806, Napoleon's Grande Armée smashed the Prussian army in a single day across two battlefields twenty kilometers apart. Lucas and Luna explore the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt—where Marshal Davout's lone corps defeated the main Prussian army while Napoleon himself fought a ghost. They unpack the Prussian command's fatal overconfidence, the role of the 'Tactical Square' myth, and the stunning speed of Prussia's collapse that led to the occupation of Berlin and the exile of King…
Napoleon's 1814 Defense of France: The Campaign of Six Days
In early 1814, after the disastrous Russian campaign and the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon faced invasion on French soil for the first time. Outnumbered and outmaneuvered, he unleashed a desperate, brilliant campaign against the allied armies of Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Lucas and Luna explore the so-called Campaign of Six Days in February 1814, where Napoleon fought four battles in five days, winning them all against superior forces. They discuss the strategic situation after Leipzig, the…
Napoleon's 1813 German Campaign: The Battle of Nations at Leipzig
After the disaster of 1812, Napoleon scrambled to rebuild his Grande Armée for the 1813 campaign in Germany. This episode focuses on the pivotal Battle of Leipzig (16–19 October 1813), also known as the Völkerschlacht or Battle of the Nations, where a coalition of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden finally defeated Napoleon. We discuss the strategic blunders, the Saxon defection at the height of battle, the heroic rearguard action at the Elster Bridge, and how this defeat shattered Napoleon's…
The Continental System: Inside Napoleon's Economic War on Britain
In this episode, we explore Napoleon's Continental System—his ambitious attempt to cripple Britain through economic blockade. From the Berlin Decree of 1806 to the Milan Decree and the Decree of Fontainebleau, we trace how Napoleon tried to close all European ports to British goods. We discuss the smuggling networks that sprang up, the impact on neutral powers like the United States, and how the system ultimately backfired, alienating allies and fueling resentment across the continent. The…
Napoleon's 1799 Brumaire Coup
In November 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France through a daring coup d'état. This episode examines the political crisis of the Directory, the plotting at the Rue du Bac, the farcical session at Saint-Cloud, and how a 30-year-old general became First Consul. We discuss key figures like Sieyès, Lucien Bonaparte, and the grenadiers who cleared the hall. The coup didn't just end the Revolution — it created a new regime that would reshape Europe. We also explore the paradox: a coup that…
Napoleon's 1805 Ulm-Austerlitz Campaign: The Strategic Masterpiece
In 1805, Napoleon faced a triple alliance of Austria, Russia, and Britain. This episode dives into the campaign that began with the lightning march to Ulm and culminated in the triumph of Austerlitz—often called his greatest victory. We cover the Grande Armée's rapid advance, the encirclement of General Mack at Ulm, the capture of the Danube bridges, and the decisive battle on the Pratzen Heights. Along the way, we meet key figures like Marshal Ney, Marshal Davout, and the Russian commander…
Napoleon's Secret Police: Fouché and the Ministry of Police
In Episode 151 of The Napoleonic Wars, Lucas and Luna dive into the shadowy world of Napoleon's security state. With the Grande Armée marching across Europe, back in Paris Joseph Fouché, the Duke of Otranto, was building something just as formidable: a sprawling network of spies, informants, and prefects that kept the Emperor informed of every whisper of dissent. We trace Fouché's rise from a radical Jacobin to Napoleon's Minister of Police, his invention of the 'black cabinet' for intercepting…
Showing the latest 50 episodes. The full archive of 200 is on Apple Podcasts, Spotify and every major podcast app — or via the RSS feed above.