Episodes
The Black Flag Army's Last Stand in Tonkin
While much of Vietnam’s resistance history focuses on state-level armies or guerrilla networks, the late nineteenth century saw a different kind of fighter emerge from the shadows: Liu Yongfu and his Black Flag Army. In this episode, we explore how a group of displaced Chinese rebels found themselves fighting for a Vietnamese homeland against both French colonial forces and their former Qing allies. We trace Liu Yongfu’s journey from Guangxi to the Red River Delta, detailing key engagements…
The Nguyen Lords: Vietnam's Hidden Kingdom
Before Ho Chi Minh and the wars of independence, Vietnam was split in two for nearly three centuries. This episode explores the Nguyen Lords of Phu Xuan, who ruled the south from Hue while the Trinh lords controlled the north. We look at how they built a distinct culture, embraced Catholicism through missionaries like Alexandre de Rhodes, and engaged in relentless civil war against their northern rivals. The story of the Nguyen Dynasty begins not with conquest, but with isolation, trade, and…
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu: Giap's Gamble
In this episode, we move away from the intellectual resistance and early uprisings to examine the decisive military confrontation that ended French colonial rule in Indochina. We explore how General Vo Nguyen Giap transformed a ragtag peasant army into a force capable of defeating one of the world’s most powerful militaries. The narrative centers on the siege of Dien Bien Phu, analyzing the logistical nightmare of moving artillery through jungle terrain, the psychological warfare employed by…
The Cao Bang Campaign: Vietnam's Decisive Victory
While the Battle of Bach Dang is legendary for stopping Mongol invasions, the Cao Bang Campaign of 1950 offers a quieter but equally decisive victory that reshaped modern Southeast Asia. This episode explores how Vo Nguyen Giap and the Viet Minh shifted from guerrilla skirmishes to conventional warfare by cutting the Hanoi-Lao Cai highway. We examine the strategic blunders of French General de Lattre de Tassigny, the logistical triumphs of the resistance in the mountainous border region, and…
The Red River Deltas: Vietnam's Hydraulic Empire
We often think of Vietnamese resistance as purely military, but the true foundation of independence lay in the mud and water of the Red River Delta. This episode explores how successive dynasties, from the Lý to the Nguyễn, built a hydraulic state that required massive labor coordination to survive annual floods. We look at the engineering marvels of the dike systems, the social hierarchy created by rice irrigation, and the political power held by those who controlled the water. Unlike the…
The Silk Roads of Vietnam: Trade and Resistance
While we often think of Vietnamese history as a series of defensive wars against northern invaders, there is another powerful current running through the narrative: commerce. This episode explores how the trade networks connecting China, India, and the archipelagos shaped Vietnamese identity from the Ly Dynasty through the Tran period. We look at the strategic importance of ports like Van Don and the role of merchant families who navigated between imperial courts and foreign traders. By…
The Silent War: Vietnam's Underground Network
While the world focuses on battles and treaties, Vietnam’s resistance often lived in the shadows. This episode explores the clandestine networks that sustained revolutionary movements during the mid-20th century, long before open warfare began. We trace the journey of Nguyen Ai Quoc—later known as Ho Chi Minh—as he navigated a web of international espionage, local peasant alliances, and underground printing presses. From the hidden caves of Pac Bó to the bustling tea houses of Haiphong, we…
The Hidden War: Vietnam's Silent Struggle Against France
While we often remember the dramatic battles and the fiery speeches of Vietnamese resistance, there was another front entirely: the quiet, desperate work of survival in the shadows. This episode explores the year 1946, when Hanoi became a ghost city and the Viet Minh executed a scorched-earth policy to deny the French any foothold. We follow the story of Ho Chi Minh’s strategic withdrawal, the burning of landmarks like the Opera House and the University, and the sheer human cost of turning a…
The Iron Sea: Vietnam's Ancient Naval Power
While land battles often dominate the narrative of Vietnamese resistance, the nation’s survival was equally secured by its mastery of the sea. This episode explores the strategic importance of the Red River Delta and the coastal waters of northern Vietnam, focusing on the unique naval tactics developed against Mongol and Ming invasions. We examine the role of the 'Iron Ship' fleet and the critical engagement at the estuary of Bach Dang, where wooden stakes were combined with tidal knowledge to…
The Battle of Bach Dang: Vietnam's Defeat of the Mongols
In 1288, the Yuan Dynasty launched its final invasion of Vietnam, aiming to crush the Trần Dynasty once and for all. This episode explores the pivotal Battle of Bach Dang, where Vietnamese forces under General Tran Hung Dao utilized the river’s tides and hidden ironwood stakes to destroy a massive Yuan fleet. We examine the strategic brilliance of the 'burning village' policy, the psychological warfare employed against Kublai Khan’s generals, and how this victory preserved Vietnamese…
The Battle of Bach Dang: How Vietnam Defeated the Mongols
In 1288, the Mongol Empire launched its third and final invasion of Vietnam, sending a massive fleet down the Bach Dang River to crush the Tran Dynasty. This episode explores the strategic masterstroke that turned the tide of history, focusing on General Nguyen Hue’s ingenious use of wooden stakes in the riverbed. We trace the movements of the Yuan navy under Chen Rong, the psychological warfare employed by the Vietnamese forces, and the precise moment the tide turned against the world’s most…
The Great Water Wars: How Vietnam Tamed the Mekong
While we often think of Vietnamese resistance as military defiance against foreign empires, there is another, slower war fought against the landscape itself. This episode explores the monumental engineering feats that shaped the Red River and Mekong Deltas, turning treacherous wetlands into the breadbasket of Southeast Asia. We trace the evolution from ancient dyke systems built by the Ly and Tran dynasties to the massive hydraulic projects of the Nguyen era, examining how water management…
The Great Wall of Vietnam: Defeating the Ming Invasion
While history books often focus on the Stone Walls of China or the Hadrian's Wall of Rome, there is a lesser-known defensive line that played a pivotal role in Southeast Asian history. This episode explores the construction and strategic importance of the Cai River Defensive Line during the Ming occupation of Vietnam (1407–1427). We trace how Le Loi, leading the Lam Son uprising, utilized this earthwork and moat system to isolate Ming garrisons and cut off their supply lines from the Red River…
The Great Water Wars: How Vietnam Tamed the Mekong
While much of Vietnamese history is defined by military resistance against foreign empires, another equally fierce struggle took place in the mud and water of the Red River Delta and the Mekong. This episode explores the engineering marvels that made civilization possible in a land prone to catastrophic flooding. We look at the ancient dyke systems built during the Ly and Tran dynasties, the bureaucratic ingenuity required to maintain them, and how these waterworks shaped the political identity…
The Silk Roads of Vietnam: Trade and Resistance
While we often think of Vietnamese history through the lens of military conflict against northern empires or French colonialism, there was another vital front: the economy. This episode explores how Đại Việt navigated the complex trade networks connecting China, India, and the maritime world. We look at the role of merchant guilds in Hanoi, the state monopoly on salt and iron, and how economic pressure became a tool of resistance. From the bustling markets of Thăng Long to the coastal ports…
The Jade Emperor's Shadow: Hanoi's Temple of Literature
In 1070, the Ly dynasty built the Temple of Literature in Hanoi, a Confucian sanctuary that became the heart of Vietnam's centuries-long intellectual resistance. This episode follows the temple's evolution from a royal academy to a symbol of national identity under Chinese, French, and modern rule. We explore the Stele of the Doctors, the Imperial Academy, and how figures like Chu Van An and Nguyen Trai shaped a Vietnamese Confucian tradition that quietly defied foreign dominance. We also…
The Can Vuong Edict and Vietnam's 1885 Resistance
In July 1885, a young emperor slipped out of the Forbidden City in Hue with his regent, carrying the imperial seal and a call to arms. That call became the Can Vuong edict, and it ignited a nationwide uprising against French colonial rule that historians still debate today. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Ham Nghi Emperor's flight, the role of regent Ton That Thuyet, and how a hastily written proclamation transformed scattered resistance into a coordinated movement. They follow the…
The Nghe Tinh Soviets: Vietnam's 1930 Uprising
In 1930, while the world slid into depression, peasants in Vietnam's Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces rose against French colonial rule and centuries of landlord exploitation. This episode of The History of Vietnam: Resistance Against Every Empire follows the short-lived Nghe Tinh Soviets—village councils that took over local administration, redistributed rice, and abolished taxes. We meet Nguyen Ai Quoc (later Ho Chi Minh), whose Communist network stoked the flames, and we trace the brutal French…
The Văn Thân and the Fight for a Homeland
In 1885, after the Treaty of Huế and the fall of the imperial capital, a scholar-led resistance movement rose among Vietnam's villages. This episode follows the Văn Thân — the 'loyalist scholars' — who left their posts to fight the French occupation with guerrilla tactics, poetry, and small arms. Lucas and Luna explore the movement's roots in Confucian loyalty, its links to the Cần Vương edict of the young emperor Hàm Nghi, and the brutal reprisals by General de Courcy. They contrast the Văn…
The Cham Legacy: Po Klong Garai and the Survival of Panduranga
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the enduring Cham presence in central Vietnam through the lens of the Po Klong Garai temple complex in Phan Rang. Built in the late 13th century under King Jaya Sinhavarman III (Chế Mân), the temple honors the legendary king Po Klong Garai, who brought irrigation to the region. The conversation weaves together the temple's architecture, the Cham kings' diplomatic maneuvering between Đại Việt and the Khmer Empire, and the quiet resilience of the Cham…
The Trung Sisters' Revolt: Vietnam's First Great Resistance
In 40 CE, two sisters from the Red River Delta raised an army that drove the Han Empire out of Vietnam for three years. Trung Trac and Trung Nhi became the nation's first great heroes, but their story is tangled in legend, politics, and centuries of rewriting. This episode follows the historical record from the sisters' noble lineage in Me Linh to their victory at Luy Lau, their brief reign, and their final stand at Tay Vu. We look at what Chinese chronicles say, what Vietnamese folklore…
The Bamboo that Bent: Nguyễn Văn Tố and the 1940s Intellectual Resistance
In the dark years of the 1940s, as Vietnam lay under French colonial rule and then Japanese occupation, one man's quiet defiance stood out: Nguyễn Văn Tố, a scholar, journalist, and nationalist who used his pen and his political cunning to resist both empires. This episode unearths his story — from his early days in the Hội Trí Tri (Intellectual Association) to his role in the Việt Minh, his brief but symbolic appointment as mayor of Hanoi in 1945, and his tragic assassination by the French…
The Black Flag Army: Liu Yongfu and the Defense of the Red River
In 1873, a Chinese mercenary named Liu Yongfu and his Black Flag Army ambushed a French expeditionary force near Hanoi, killing its commander Francis Garnier and stalling French expansion in Tonkin for a decade. This episode unpacks the shadowy world of the Black Flags: bandits turned border lords, opium taxes, river tolls, and a Vietnamese court that secretly embraced them while officially disowning them. We trace Liu's rise from a Hakka outlaw in Guangxi to the de facto power of the Red River…
The Khmer Rouge's Ancient Shadow: Banteay Chhmar
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the ancient Khmer temple complex of Banteay Chhmar, built in the late 12th century by King Jayavarman VII. They delve into its history, its unique carvings including the Avalokiteshvara faces and the Bayon-style towers, and how it became a symbol of Cambodian resilience during the Khmer Rouge era. They discuss the temple's rediscovery, the ongoing restoration efforts, and the challenges of preserving a site that lies near the Thai border, where looting…
The Kham Thien Street Bombing: Hanoi's 1972 Christmas
In December 1972, as American B-52s pounded Hanoi in Operation Linebacker II, a single raid on Kham Thien Street killed nearly 300 civilians in one night. This episode tells the story of that forgotten tragedy, the resilience of Hanoi's residents who dug out from the rubble, and the diplomatic chess that ended the bombing after twelve days. Lucas and Luna explore the Christmas Bombing's place in Vietnam's long resistance narrative, the disputed casualty figures, and how the event shaped the…
The Meridian of Fire: Hanoi's 1873 Defiance
In 1873, a French adventurer named Francis Garnier defied his own government and marched on Hanoi with a handful of men, toppling a citadel that had stood for centuries. Lucas and Luna explore how this reckless act—born from a trader's dispute over salt and arms—ignited a firestorm of resistance across the Red River Delta. They trace the fall of Nguyễn dynasty authority, the rise of self-defense militias like the self-destruct battalion (Văn Thân), and the pivotal role of Governor Hoàng Diệu…
The Sword of Thanh Thai: A Boy Emperor's Quiet Rebellion
In this episode of The History of Vietnam: Resistance Against Every Empire, Lucas and Luna explore the turbulent reign of Emperor Thành Thái, the boy-king who dared to defy French colonial rule in the late 19th century. Ascending the Nguyễn throne in 1889 as a pawn of the French protectorate, Thành Thái astonished everyone with his fierce intelligence and covert acts of resistance. He modernized his court, learned French, championed education, and secretly funded anti-colonial movements—all…
The Mekong Delta's Quiet Resistance: Phan Thanh Giản's Choice
In 1867, as French warships moved on the Mekong Delta, the mandarin Phan Thanh Giản faced an impossible choice: fight a losing war or surrender to save his people. This episode of The History of Vietnam explores Giản's life — from court scholar to governor of Cochinchina — and his controversial decision to hand over Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, and Hà Tiên without a fight. We read his famous letter to Emperor Tự Đức, where he begged for death as punishment. But his story doesn't end there: Giản's last…
The Siege of Quang Tri 1972: A Turning Point in the Vietnam War
In the spring of 1972, North Vietnam launched the Easter Offensive, a massive conventional invasion meant to break the back of the South Vietnamese army. At the center of the storm was Quang Tri province, where for months the North Vietnamese Army and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam fought over the ancient citadel city. This episode tells the story of that brutal siege: the initial communist push that sent ARVN troops fleeing, the collapse of defensive lines, the controversial decision by…
The Last Cham King: Panduranga's Quiet Resistance
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Cham civilization in Vietnam. Long after the fall of Vijaya in 1471, a remnant Cham kingdom endured in the south, centered on the principality of Panduranga. We trace its survival through centuries of Đại Việt expansion, the shifting policies of the Nguyễn lords, and the quiet cultural resistance that kept Cham identity alive. We meet figures like Po Rome, the last Cham king, whose reign saw a brief resurgence and whose legacy is…
The Chinese Walled City of Hanoi: A Forgotten Fortress
Before the French arrived, Hanoi was guarded by a massive brick wall built by the Nguyễn dynasty in 1805. This episode follows the wall's construction under Gia Long, its role in the 1873 and 1882 French attacks, and its slow demolition under colonial rule. We explore the citadel's towers, its strategic importance, and how the structure—once a symbol of Vietnamese sovereignty—became a relic. Along the way, we uncover the stories of the soldiers who manned it, the civilians who lived in its…
The Vietnamese Underground Railroad: Escape under French Rule
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the hidden networks that helped anti-colonial activists evade French surveillance in early 20th-century Vietnam. From the bustling streets of Hanoi to the borderlands of Guangxi, they trace the routes, safe houses, and coded letters of the underground movement. Learn about Phan Bội Châu's Duy Tân Hội, the mysterious 'Aunt Ba' who sheltered revolutionaries, and the clever use of traditional medicine shops as fronts. Discover how modern technology—like…
The Hanoi Poison Plot of 1908: A Forgotten Revolt
In June 1908, a group of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians plotted to poison the French garrison in Hanoi. The plan, led by a schoolteacher named Đội Cấn and a monk named Vũ Hoàng, was uncovered at the last moment. This episode tells the story of the failed uprising, the executions that followed, and the surprising legacy it left behind—including the fate of the ringleader's severed head, which was displayed in a French museum. We also explore how this incident fit into the broader landscape of…
The Siege of Gia Dinh 1859: A City at the Edge of Empire
In February 1859, French warships bombarded the great citadel of Gia Định, the heart of southern Vietnam. The city fell in a single day — but the war that followed stretched out for years, and the resistance came from a direction Paris never expected. This episode unpacks the siege itself: the chaos inside the walls, the commander Nguyễn Tri Phương's desperate defense, and the slow-burn guerrilla campaign that turned the French occupation of Cochinchina into a quagmire. We look at the crucial…
The Champa Kingdom and the Po Nagar Temple
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Cham civilization, focusing on the temple complex of Po Nagar in Nha Trang. They discuss the Cham's maritime trade network, their Hindu-Buddhist culture, and the enduring architectural legacy of the kingdom. The conversation traces the rise of Champa from the 2nd century, its interactions with neighboring powers like Đại Việt and the Khmer Empire, and the gradual decline that led to the fall of Vijaya in 1471. Through the lens of Po Nagar, they…
Vo Nguyen Giap and the Battle of the Border 1950
Before Dien Bien Phu, there was the Border Campaign of 1950. In this episode, we follow Vo Nguyen Giap's first major offensive — a daring, risky operation that broke the French blockade along the Sino-Vietnamese border, destroyed the French garrisons at Cao Bang and Lang Son, and gave the Viet Minh control of a vital supply line from China. We'll meet the French commander, Leon Charon, and the Vietnamese general who would become a legend. We'll trace the planning, the brutal mountain marches…
The Citadel of the Sun: Đồng Hới and the Battle of the Gianh River
In 1648, the Trịnh army rolled south to crush the Nguyễn lords once and for all. They met a wall of fire at the Gianh River, where Nguyễn Hữu Dật's new artillery turned the tide. This episode follows the war that built the longest ramparts in Southeast Asia — the Đồng Hới walls — and the siege that made a dynasty. We'll meet the engineer Nguyễn Hữu Dật, whose cannons spoke louder than any decree, and Trịnh Tạc, whose failed invasion forced a century of cold war. Along the way, we'll walk the…
The Poison Water of the Saigon River: 1860–61
When the French seized Saigon in 1859, they expected a quick march north. Instead, they found themselves besieged inside a city they had taken, with the Vietnamese forces under Nguyễn Tri Phương refusing to engage in open battle. Then the wells began to fail, and the rivers turned foul. In this episode, we explore the little-told story of the water poisoning that nearly destroyed the French expeditionary corps — a combined effort of local villagers, desperate defenders, and the slow, brutal…
The Tây Sơn: Vietnam's Peasant Uprising That Toppled Three Dynasties
In the late 18th century, three brothers from a small village in central Vietnam—Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Huệ, and Nguyễn Lữ—launched a peasant revolt that would topple the Trịnh lords in the north, the Nguyễn lords in the south, and the Lê dynasty itself. This episode dives into the Tây Sơn uprising, tracing its origins in the corruption of the ruling families, its rapid military expansion, and the brilliant leadership of Nguyễn Huệ, who later proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung. We explore the…
The View from the Great Wall of Quang Ninh: A Cham Guard's Tale
In 1446, a young Cham soldier named Che Lan is captured by the Dai Viet army and forced to serve as a guard on the Great Wall of Quang Ninh, a string of fortresses built to watch over the northern frontier. Through his eyes, we see the daily life of a border guard in the 15th century: the shifting loyalties of the Lê dynasty, the uneasy coexistence of Vietnamese and Cham soldiers, the trade routes that brought silk and saltpeter through the passes, and the quiet moments of camaraderie between…
The Cham City of Vijaya: A Pearl Lost to War
In the fourteenth century, the Cham city of Vijaya was one of Southeast Asia's great urban centers, a thriving hub of trade, culture, and Hindu-Buddhist learning. But by 1471, it lay in ruins, sacked by the armies of Đại Việt. This episode traces the rise and fall of Vijaya, from its founding in the eleventh century to its final destruction under Lê Thánh Tông. Along the way, we meet the architect who designed its defenses, the king who lost it all, and the poets who mourned its passing. We…
The Stratagem of the War Elephant: Võ Tánh, Châu Văn Tiếp, and the Tây Sơn Wars
In 1788, as the Tây Sơn rebels closed in on Gia Định, two generals made a choice that would seal the fate of the Nguyễn lords. Võ Tánh and Châu Văn Tiếp, loyalists to Nguyễn Ánh, defended the citadel of Bình Thuận against overwhelming odds. Their sacrifice—Võ Tánh's self-immolation, Châu Văn Tiếp's last charge—became a legend of desperate courage. But their deaths were not in vain: they bought Nguyễn Ánh the time to flee to Siam, regroup, and eventually return with French aid. This episode…
The Trung Sisters' Revolt: Vietnam's First Independence War
In 40 AD, two sisters from the Red River Delta — Trung Trac and Trung Nhi — raised an army of 80,000 and drove the Chinese Han overlords out of Vietnam, declaring themselves queens. Their rebellion, the first great uprising against Chinese rule, lasted just three years, but its legacy shaped Vietnam's identity for two millennia. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the sisters' unlikely rise, their lightning campaign, the role of women in ancient Vietnamese society, and the Han general Ma…
The Ming Conquest of Vietnam: A Twenty-Year Occupation
In 1407, the Ming dynasty invaded Vietnam, toppling the short-lived Hồ dynasty and beginning a twenty-year occupation that would reshape the country's identity. This episode follows the brutal conquest led by Zhang Fu, the failed resistance of the Hồ father and son, and the eventual rise of Lê Lợi, whose Lam Sơn uprising would expel the Chinese and found the Lê dynasty. We explore the cultural policies of the Ming, from the destruction of books to the imposition of Confucian exams, and how this…
The Siege of Danang 1858 France's First Invasion of Vietnam
In 1858, a Franco-Spanish fleet sailed into Đà Nẵng harbor, launching France's first major invasion of Vietnam. This episode unpacks the five-month siege that followed — a fierce Vietnamese defense under General Nguyễn Tri Phương, the strategic miscalculations of Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly, and the ironic shadow of Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine's earlier alliance. We explore why Đà Nẵng was chosen, how the Vietnamese used low-tech fortifications against modern warships, and how the…
Ngo Quyen and the Battle of Bach Dang River 938
In 938 AD, a Vietnamese warlord named Ngo Quyen masterminded one of the most brilliant naval ambushes in history. Facing the advancing fleet of the Southern Han empire, Ngo Quyen planted thousands of sharpened iron-tipped stakes in the Bach Dang River, hidden beneath the high tide. When the enemy ships surged in, the tide receded, impaling the fleet and crushing Chinese ambitions to reclaim the region. This episode unravels the strategy, the man, and the aftermath: how this single battle ended…
Black Flag Army: Chinese Mercenaries Against France
The Black Flag Army was a band of Chinese exiles and bandits who became unlikely defenders of Vietnam against French colonial expansion. Led by Lưu Vĩnh Phúc, they defeated and killed French commanders Francis Garnier in 1873 and Henri Rivière in 1883 at the same spot—Cầu Giấy, the Paper Bridge. This episode explores who these mercenaries were, how they operated, and why the Nguyen court turned to them. We also trace their eventual fate: betrayed by the Qing court and forgotten by history.…
The Jesuit Who Gave Vietnam Its Alphabet: Quốc Ngữ and Resistance
Before quốc ngữ, Vietnam wrote in Chinese characters and its own Nôm script. Enter Alexandre de Rhodes, a 17th-century Jesuit who compiled the first Vietnamese dictionary and codified a romanized alphabet that would become a weapon against empires. From missionaries to revolutionaries, quốc ngữ was used to spread ideas, break cultural isolation, and unite a nation. This episode traces how a script born of faith became a tool of resistance — from Phan Bội Châu's underground publications to Hồ…
Gia Long's French Allies: The Siege That Unified Vietnam
In the late 18th century, a teenage Nguyễn prince fled for his life as the Tây Sơn rebels swept across Vietnam. Few could have predicted that Nguyễn Ánh would return with a fleet commanded by French officers and a bishop named Pierre Pigneau de Béhaine. This episode follows the extraordinary alliance that culminated in the 1799 Siege of Quy Nhơn, where French artillery, ships, and military advisors helped Nguyễn Ánh crack the Tây Sơn heartland. We explore the Treaty of Versailles (1787), the…
Lý Thường Kiệt's 1077 Như Nguyệt River Victory
In 1077, the Song Empire of China launched a massive invasion of Đại Việt, hoping to crush the young Lý dynasty. But they hadn't accounted for Lý Thường Kiệt — a brilliant general who turned the Như Nguyệt River into a killing field. This episode dives into the battle that cemented Vietnamese independence for centuries, the guerrilla tactics that baffled the Song, and the famous poem 'Nam quốc sơn hà' that became Vietnam's first declaration of sovereignty. We explore Lý Thường Kiệt's preemptive…
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