Episodes
The 1914 Jaffa Silk Factory: Industry and Uprising
In 1914, as the Ottoman Empire entered the Great War, a new silk factory in Jaffa became a flashpoint for Palestinian labor and nationalism. This episode unpacks the little-known story of the Jaffa Silk Factory, its Jewish and Arab workers, and the strikes that erupted just months before the war. Through the eyes of workers like Ahmad al-Khalidi and manager Moshe Shapira, we explore how industrial capitalism collided with colonial land politics, and how the silk trade wove into the fabric of…
The 1937 Peel Commission: Partition's Flawed Blueprint
In 1937, the British Peel Commission proposed the first partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, a plan that reshaped the conflict and laid the groundwork for the Nakba. This episode unpacks the commission's findings, the map it drew, and the reactions from both communities. Lucas and Luna trace the origins of the proposal, the commission's flawed demographic logic, and the key figures like Lord Robert Peel and David Ben-Gurion, whose grudging acceptance set the stage for…
The 1911 Jaffa–Tel Aviv Land Feud: A Border Drawn in Sand
In 1911, a quiet strip of sand dunes north of Jaffa became the flashpoint for a conflict that would define Palestine's urban future. This episode unpacks the little-known Jaffa–Tel Aviv land dispute, where the Jewish National Fund, Arab landowners, and Ottoman authorities collided over a plot as small as a few hundred dunams. We follow the key players—from the merchant families of Jaffa to the Zionist pioneers of Ahuzat Bayit—and trace how a failed Ottoman land sale, a contested deed, and a…
The 1863 Ottoman Reform Decree and Palestinian Land Loss
In 1863, the Ottoman Empire issued a reform decree that quietly reshaped the land of Palestine. This episode unpacks how the 1863 Tanzimat decree, often overshadowed by the 1858 Land Code, accelerated the privatization of communal land and opened the door to large-scale sales to Jewish settlers decades later. We follow the story of the Sursock family of Beirut, who acquired vast tracts from the Ottoman state and Palestinian fellahin, and how their sales to the Jewish National Fund in the early…
The Dome of the Rock: A Symbol Forged in Faith and Power
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the layered history of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, from its construction in 691 CE under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik to its enduring role as a symbol of faith, identity, and contested sovereignty. They unpack the political motivations behind its creation—how it served as a rival to Christian holy sites and a statement of Islamic supremacy—and consider the earlier traditions that marked the site as sacred. They discuss the rock itself, tied to…
The 1936 Jaffa Orange Riot: Citrus, Labor, and the Arab Revolt
In 1936, a dispute over packing crates in Jaffa's orange industry ignited a strike that paralyzed Palestine's largest port and helped trigger the Arab Revolt. This episode unpacks the global citrus trade, the Shamouti orange, the rise of the Jewish labor movement and Histadrut, the Port of Jaffa's closure, and the Peel Commission's response. We trace the roots of the conflict through the landless Arab laborers, the Arab Higher Committee's call, and the British Mandate's delicate balancing act.…
Olive Groves and Land Laws: The 1858 Ottoman Land Code in Palestine
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the 1858 Ottoman Land Code, a Tanzimat-era reform that reshaped the landscape of Palestine. The code, designed to regularize land registration and boost tax revenue, inadvertently privatized centuries-old communal lands, known as musha, and paved the way for large-scale land sales to Zionist buyers. Through the stories of the Sursock family, the fellahin, and the effendiya, we see how a legal technicality transformed the countryside and sowed seeds of…
The 1922 Palestine Census: Counting a Contested Land
In 1922, British Mandate officials conducted the first comprehensive census of Palestine. The results—781,000 people, 78% Muslim, 11% Jewish—shaped everything from land policy to the emerging national conflict. This episode explores how the census was designed, who counted, who was missed, and how its categories of religion and language hardened into modern identities. We look at the British officials behind it, the local reactions in Arabic, Hebrew, and English, and the census's long echo in…
The 1910 Almaqdisi School: Ottoman Palestine's First Nationalist Classroom
In 1910, a small school in Jerusalem called Almaqdisi opened its doors with a radical idea: that Palestinian Arab children should be taught in Arabic, not Ottoman Turkish, and that their history, geography, and culture deserved a place in the curriculum. Founded by the educator and activist Khalil al-Sakakini, the school became a laboratory for a new kind of national identity under the fading Ottoman Empire. This episode follows al-Sakakini's journey from a teacher at the Russian Orthodox…
The 1860 Beirut–Damascus War and Palestine's Sectarian Wounds
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, a precursor to sectarian tensions that would later reshape Palestine. The conversation centers on the role of the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms, the rise of the feudal lords (muqata'jis), and the massacre in Damascus that drew European intervention. They discuss how the conflict exposed the fragility of the millet system and how the ensuing Ottoman reforms, including the establishment of the…
The 1886 Jaffa Gate Land Dispute and Ottoman Property Politics
In 1886, a seemingly minor land dispute at Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate threatened to unravel the delicate social fabric of Ottoman Palestine. This episode unpacks the legal tangle between the Khalidi and al-Husayni families over a waqf property, revealing the collision of Ottoman land reforms, Islamic trust law, and nationalist tensions. We walk through the Ottoman court system, the role of the qadi, and the significance of terms like miri, kushan, and tapu. We also trace how this local squabble…
The 1886 Jaffa Gate Land Dispute and Ottoman Property Politics
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into a forgotten land dispute from 1886 that turned a tiny plot near Jaffa Gate into a flashpoint for Ottoman property law, private ownership, and communal rights. The case of 'Uthman al-Husayni versus the waqf of the Khalidi family exposes how the Tanzimat reforms clashed with centuries-old customs, and how the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem navigated imperial directives, local notables, and religious institutions. Through one courtyard, nine olive trees, and a…
The 1858 Ottoman Land Code and Palestine's Lost Commons
In 1858, the Ottoman Empire introduced a land code that would quietly redraw the map of Palestine. This episode follows the Miri land system, the emergence of the effendiya class, and the slow erosion of communal village lands known as musha'. We trace how absentee landlords and growing debt pushed Palestinian peasants off their land, setting the stage for later Zionist purchases. Through the stories of families like the Sursocks, the Husaynis, and ordinary fellahin, we see how a piece of paper…
The Jaffa Gate Clock Tower: Ottoman Palestine's Modern Moment
In 1906, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II commissioned a clock tower atop Jaffa Gate, the main entrance to Jerusalem's Old City. It was a bold statement of imperial modernity, part of a network of hundreds of clock towers across the empire, celebrating the sultan's jubilee and projecting order, progress, and the reach of Istanbul. This episode unpacks the tower's construction, its architects and engineers, the ceremony of its inauguration, and the political symbolism it carried in a city…
The 1930s Silk Road of Citrus: Jaffa Oranges and Palestine's Global Trade
In the 1930s, the Jaffa orange was more than a fruit — it was Palestine's most potent export, a symbol of prosperity, and a weapon in the struggle for land and labor. This episode traces the rise of the Shamouti orange, from its origins in the orchards of Jaffa to its dominance in British and European markets, and explores how citrus cultivation shaped the conflict between Arab and Jewish communities. We follow the story of a single fruit through the Great Depression, the Arab Revolt, and the…
The 1936 Jaffa Port Strike: Gateways to Palestine
In 1936, as the Arab General Strike gripped Palestine, a lesser-known but crucial front opened in Jaffa, the country's principal port. This episode centers on the Jaffa port workers who downed tools, halting the flow of goods and effectively strangling the British Mandate's economy. Lucas and Luna explore the strike’s origins in long-simmering labor grievances and nationalist fervor, the port's strategic importance, and the British response—including the use of strike-breakers and the eventual…
The 1939 Land Transfer Regulations: Palestine's Final British Partition
In 1939, just months after Britain's White Paper limited Jewish immigration to Palestine, the Colonial Office quietly issued the Land Transfer Regulations, carving the country into three zones with starkly different rules for land sales. The regulations, intended to protect Arab peasants from displacement, effectively froze Jewish land purchases in most of the country while allowing them in a narrow coastal strip. This episode looks at the regulations' drafting, their uneven enforcement, and…
The 1929 Palestine Earthquake: Seismic Shifts and Survival
In this episode of The History of Palestine: Land, Identity, and Endless Struggle, Lucas and Luna explore the devastating earthquake that struck Palestine on July 11, 1927—a disaster that killed hundreds, displaced thousands, and left an indelible mark on the region's cities and communities. From the collapsed houses of Nablus and Jenin to the fissures that scarred the landscape around Jerusalem, the quake exposed the fragility of both ancient architecture and modern infrastructure. But as…
The 1920 Nebi Musa Riots: Palestine's First Outburst Under British Rule
In April 1920, during the Muslim festival of Nebi Musa, Jerusalem erupted in violence that would reshape Palestinian politics for decades. This episode examines the riots through the lens of competing nationalisms, British military mismanagement, and the rise of Haj Amin al-Husseini. Lucas and Luna unpack the festival's significance, the role of Arab nationalist speeches at the Jaffa Gate, the chaotic British response, and how the violence accelerated the shift from military to civil…
UN Partition Plan 1947: Palestine's Diplomatic Watershed
In November 1947, the United Nations voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, setting the stage for war and enduring conflict. This episode unpacks Resolution 181: the diplomatic maneuvering, the role of UNSCOP, the split between majority and minority plans, and the reactions from Zionist and Arab leaders. We follow the vote in the General Assembly, the British decision to withdraw, and the immediate outbreak of violence that heralded the 1948 Nakba. Featuring key figures like…
The 1834 Peasant Revolt That Shook Ottoman Palestine
Long before the 20th century's great conflicts, Palestine witnessed a massive uprising against Egyptian rule. In 1834, peasants and notables across the hills of Nablus, Jerusalem, and Hebron rose up against Ibrahim Pasha's conscription, taxation, and forced labor. Led by Qasim al-Ahmad, a former ally turned rebel, the revolt briefly captured key cities. Egyptian forces responded with brutal siege and massacre, crushing the rebels by summer. This episode explores the revolt's causes, the…
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution: Palestine's Political Awakening
Episode 184 examines the seismic impact of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution on Palestine. As the Ottoman Empire restored its constitution, Palestinians experienced a burst of political freedom—newspapers flourished, elections were held, and deputies like Ruhi al-Khalidi and Sa'id al-Husayni took seats in Istanbul. Lucas and Luna explore how this moment energized Arab nationalism, sparked debates over Zionism, and reshaped communal identities. From the jubilant celebrations in Jaffa to the…
Deir Yassin: The Massacre That Changed the 1948 War
In April 1948, as the British Mandate came to an end and war raged between Jewish and Arab forces, a small Palestinian village west of Jerusalem became the site of a brutal massacre that would echo for decades. Irgun and Lehi fighters, with the Haganah's tacit consent, attacked Deir Yassin, killing over a hundred civilians—men, women, and children. The atrocity terrified the Palestinian population and accelerated the mass exodus known as the Nakba, while also inflaming Arab armies and…
Britain's 1939 White Paper and Palestine's Last Chance for Peace
In May 1939, as Europe teetered on the brink of war, Britain issued a White Paper that would reshape the fate of Palestine. The document imposed strict limits on Jewish immigration—75,000 over five years—and severely restricted land sales to Jews, while promising an independent state within ten years. The policy angered both Arabs and Zionists: Arab leaders dismissed it as insufficient, while Zionist organizations condemned it as a betrayal of the Balfour Declaration. The White Paper fueled a…
The 1911 Founding of 'Filastin': Journalism and Palestinian Identity
Before the British Mandate, before the Nakba, there was a newspaper that dared to speak for the Arab people of Palestine. In January 1911, two cousins from Jaffa—Issa al-Issa and Yousef al-Issa—launched a biweekly called Filastin. It was one of the first explicitly Palestinian nationalist newspapers, and its pages chronicled the last years of Ottoman rule, the rise of Zionist immigration, and the everyday struggles of farmers and merchants in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. This episode dives…
1948 Battle for Jerusalem: Siege, Starvation, and the City's Division
In the spring of 1948, Jerusalem became the epicentre of a desperate struggle. As British forces withdrew, Arab and Jewish militias fought for control of the city's vital corridors. This episode delves into the siege that cut off Jerusalem's 100,000 Jewish residents from food, water, and medicine. We follow the heartbreaking Hadassah convoy ambush, the fierce battles for Latrun where Israeli forces failed to break the blockade, and the makeshift Burma Road that finally reopened the route. We…
The 1936 Arab General Strike: Palestine's Summer of Resistance
In the summer of 1936, Palestine erupted in a coordinated general strike that shut down ports, markets, and government offices for nearly six months. This episode unpacks the revolt's origins in escalating Jewish immigration and land purchases, the key figures who organized it—Haj Amin al-Husseini, 'Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, and Jamal al-Husayni—and the British response under High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope. We follow the strike's progression from Jaffa's port to the hills of Nablus, the…
1909 Founding of Tel Aviv: A Suburb That Changed Palestine
In 1909, a small group of Jewish families in Jaffa gathered on the sand dunes north of the city to allocate land for a new garden suburb: Ahuzat Bayit. This episode tells the story of that lottery, the leadership of Meir Dizengoff, and the rapid growth of what became Tel Aviv. We explore how the suburb's founding reshaped Jaffa's urban fabric, triggered early land disputes, and set new patterns of segregation and cooperation. The episode also covers the Ottoman expulsion of Tel Aviv's residents…
1929 Western Wall Riots: Palestine's Violent Turning Point
In August 1929, a dispute over Jewish worshippers at the Western Wall in Jerusalem sparked a week of riots that left over 250 people dead across Palestine. This episode walks through the events of that summer: the provocations, the massacres in Hebron and Safed, the British failure to keep order, and the Shaw Commission that followed. We explore the role of the Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Zionist mobilization, and how the violence shattered any remaining hope for cooperation under the…
The 1914 Ottoman Conscription and Palestine's Lost Generation
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire's decision to impose universal conscription as it entered World War I changed Palestinian society irrevocably. Young men from Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Galilee were forcibly drafted, often never to return. This episode examines the military mobilization order issued by Enver Pasha, the role of the Ottoman War Ministry, and the impact on villages like Bayt Dajan and al-Ramla. We discuss the desertion crisis led by figures like Ahmad al-Khalidi, the use of fellahin as…
The 1860 Nahariya Colony: Palestine's Forgotten Jewish Settlement
This episode uncovers the story of Gei Oni, a small agricultural colony established in 1860 near Safed by a group of Jewish families from Safed and Tiberias, nearly two decades before the First Aliyah. We explore how these pioneers struggled with rocky soil, Ottoman land laws, and eventual abandonment, and how their land became part of a larger pattern of early Zionist settlement in Palestine. The episode highlights the role of the Montefiore Trust, the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and the…
The 1948 Nakba: Exodus from Haifa and the Battle for Palestine's Gateway
Episode 174 turns to the pivotal spring of 1948, when the British Mandate crumbled and the city of Haifa—Palestine's industrial heart and gateway to the Mediterranean—became a crucible of war and displacement. Lucas and Luna trace the fall of Haifa to Haganah's Operation Chametz, the flight of some 70,000 Palestinian Arabs, and the role of local commanders like Abd al-Karim al-Karmi and Shabtai Levi. They explore the contrast between the city's mixed labor movement history and the brutal ethnic…
The 1924 Jaffa Orange Boycott: When Palestine's Fruit Became a Weapon
In 1924, the Jaffa orange — the Shamouti that had built Palestine's economy for decades — was weaponized in a boycott that pitted Arab growers against Zionist exports. This episode traces the tangled story of the 1924 Jaffa orange boycott: how Palestinian merchants tried to starve the Yishuv of its most profitable commodity, why the effort collapsed under internal rivalries and British trade policy, and what it reveals about the deeper economic war beneath the surface of political conflict. We…
The 1872 Ottoman Vilayet Law: How Istanbul Reshaped Palestine
In 1872, the Ottoman Empire issued the Vilayet Law, a sweeping administrative reform that reorganized Palestine's districts and centralized power in Istanbul. This episode explores how the law stripped Jerusalem of its special status, pitted local notables against imperial governors, and created the bureaucratic scaffolding for later Zionist land purchases. Lucas and Luna examine the roles of Sultan Abdul Aziz, Grand Vizier Mahmud Nedim Pasha, and Jerusalem's mutasarrif, Mehmed Nazif Pasha.…
The 1928 Agricultural Exhibition in Jaffa: Showcasing Palestine's Modern Promise
In April 1928, Jaffa hosted the First Palestine Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition, a landmark event that drew thousands of visitors from across the region and Europe. Sponsored by the British Mandate government and organized by Zionist and Arab leaders alike, the exhibition showcased Jaffa oranges, olive oil, textiles, and machinery in a sprawling fairground near the old city. This episode explores the exhibition's origins, its role in promoting economic development under colonial rule…
The 1918 Palestinian Congress: First National Assembly
In January 1918, while World War I still raged and Ottoman rule crumbled, a group of Palestinian notables convened a secret gathering in Jaffa that would plant the seeds of national identity. This episode follows the little-known story of the First Palestinian Congress, organized under the noses of Ottoman authorities and British intelligence alike. We meet the key figures — Musa Kazim al-Husseini, Aref al-Aref, and the young intellectual Izzat Darwaza — who drafted the first modern political…
The 1922 Palestine Mandate: Churchill's White Paper and the Birth of a Contradiction
In June 1922, Winston Churchill issued a White Paper that tried to reconcile Britain's contradictory promises to Arabs and Jews in Palestine. It was an impossible balancing act. This episode unpacks how Churchill—then Colonial Secretary—inherited a mess of wartime pledges, from the Balfour Declaration to the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, and attempted to define what the Mandate actually meant. We get into the Churchill White Paper's key provisions: the rejection of a Jewish state in all of…
The 1898 Kaiser's Damascus Speech: Germany Enters Palestine's Great Game
In 1898, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany made a state visit to the Ottoman Empire, culminating in a speech in Damascus that declared himself protector of 300 million Muslims worldwide. The visit included a stop in Jerusalem, where he met Theodor Herzl and inadvertently boosted the Zionist movement, while also strengthening German-Ottoman ties. This episode explores how Wilhelm's theatrical diplomacy, the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, and the Kaiser's famous 'Kaiser Wilhelm Fountain'…
The 1915 Jerusalem Locust Plague: War, Nature, and Survival
In the spring of 1915, as World War I ravaged the Ottoman Empire, an even more ancient enemy descended on Palestine: locusts. This episode of The History of Palestine tells the story of the great locust plague that swept from the Sinai to the Galilee, stripping fields bare and compounding the suffering of a population already reeling from conscription, famine, and disease. We follow the desperate efforts of Ottoman officials, Jewish agronomists like Aharon Aharonson, and Palestinian farmers who…
1891 Jaffa Land Sale Ban: Ottoman Palestine's First Zionist Crisis
In June 1891, the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II issued a secret imperial decree banning Jewish immigration and land sales in Palestine. While earlier episodes have covered the Tanzimat land reforms and the 1858 Land Code, this episode zooms in on the first coordinated Ottoman attempt to halt Zionist settlement—and how it failed. We trace the decree's origins: the outrage of Jerusalem's notables (a'yan) and the Arab press, the role of Ruhi al-Khalidi and the al-Karmil newspaper, and the Sublime…
The 1917 Nebi Musa Pilgrimage: Jerusalem's Spring of Nationalism
In April 1917, as World War I raged and Ottoman rule in Palestine teetered, thousands of Muslims gathered in Jerusalem for the annual Nebi Musa pilgrimage. But this year was different. The procession from the Haram al-Sharif to the shrine of Moses near Jericho became a political demonstration, with banners demanding independence and speeches invoking Arab nationalism. Lucas and Luna explore how this ancient religious festival transformed into a platform for anti-colonial sentiment, examining…
The 1918 Famine in Palestine: Starvation as a Weapon
In 1918, as World War I raged, Palestine was gripped by a devastating famine that killed an estimated 200,000 people, nearly one-fifth of the population. This episode explores the causes: Ottoman conscription and requisitioning, Allied naval blockades, locust plagues, and the breakdown of the traditional grain trade. We focus on the impact on ordinary people — fellahin and townspeople alike — and how the famine reshaped politics, fueling Arab nationalism and the Zionist project. Key figures…
The 1925 Waqf Crisis: Islamic Endowments and Colonial Power in Jerusalem
In 1925, a little-known confrontation over Islamic charitable endowments—waqf—erupted in Jerusalem, pitting the Supreme Muslim Council against the British Mandate administration. This episode unpacks the struggle over the Haram al-Sharif's funds, the role of the Shari'a court, and how the British attempt to audit waqf revenues triggered a crisis that reshaped Palestinian political consciousness. Featuring figures like Haj Amin al-Husseini, the mufti who turned waqf into a nationalist tool, and…
The 1882 Jaffa Lighthouse: Light, Empire, and Palestine's Coast
In this episode Lucas and Luna explore the 1882 construction of the Jaffa Lighthouse, a beacon that illuminates Ottoman modernization, European maritime competition, and the changing landscape of Palestine's coast. They discuss the lighthouse's design by French engineers, its role in the Jaffa port's expansion, and how it reflected the Tanzimat reforms' push for infrastructure. The conversation also touches on the lighthouse keeper's life, the light's significance for pilgrims and traders, and…
The 1908 Jaffa-Jerusalem Railway Opening and Palestine's Economic Transformation
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the opening of the Jaffa-Jerusalem railway in 1908 and its profound impact on Palestine. They discuss the visionary entrepreneur Joseph Navon, who secured the Ottoman concession, and the French engineers who built the line. The railway slashed travel time from three days to three hours, revolutionizing trade, pilgrimage, and daily life. Lucas explains how the railway accelerated the export of Jaffa oranges, transformed Jerusalem's economy, and deepened…
The 1917 Balfour Declaration: Promise and Betrayal in Palestine
In November 1917, the British government issued a short letter that would reshape the Middle East for generations. This episode unpacks the Balfour Declaration — not as a simple act of colonial benevolence, but as a document born from wartime calculation, competing promises, and a very British sense of imperial realpolitik. Lucas and Luna trace its origins: the lobbying of Chaim Weizmann, the wartime pressures of 1917, the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, and Britain's contradictory pledges to…
The 1869 Suez Canal and Palestine's Lost Opportunity
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the ripple effects of the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal on Palestine's economic and political fate. They discuss how the canal transformed global trade routes but inadvertently sidelined Palestine, which had served as a crucial land bridge. The episode focuses on the ambitious Jaffa–Jerusalem railway project, championed by the Jewish financier Joseph Navon, and how Ottoman bureaucratic obstacles and rising nationalist tensions derailed plans for a modern…
The 1921 Passover Riots: Jaffa's Bloody Spring
In May 1921, just weeks after the Nebi Musa riots of 1920, a fresh wave of violence erupted in Jaffa that would reshape the course of Mandate Palestine. This episode focuses on the 1921 Passover riots — a five-day conflict that began with a fight between Jewish communists and socialists, then spiraled into Arab-Jewish clashes that left 47 Jews and 48 Arabs dead. We examine the role of the newly formed Haganah, the controversial response of British High Commissioner Herbert Samuel, and the…
The Ottoman Land Code of 1858: How Palestine's Soil Was Lost
In 1858, the Ottoman Empire enacted a sweeping land reform that reshaped Palestine forever. This episode unpacks the Tanzimat-era Ottoman Land Code — how it transformed traditional mushaa communal farming into private property, created a class of absentee effendi landlords, and inadvertently laid the groundwork for land sales to Zionist organizations. Lucas and Luna explore the code's key terms: tapu (title deeds), kushan (registration certificates), miri (state-owned land), and the fellahin…
The 1939 White Paper: Britain's Last Chance for Peace in Palestine
In May 1939, as Europe hurtled toward war, the British government issued a policy document that would reshape the Palestinian struggle for generations. The MacDonald White Paper — named after Colonial Secretary Malcolm MacDonald — proposed a single independent state within ten years, restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 over five years, and banned most land sales to Jews. It was a dramatic reversal of the Balfour Declaration, crafted to secure Arab support against Nazi Germany. But it…
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