Episodes
The Knights Hospitaller on Cyprus: From Rhodes to Malta's Shadow
Before the Knights Hospitaller became the legendary defenders of Malta, they spent nearly a century on Cyprus. This episode follows their turbulent years on the island from 1291 to 1310, when they arrived after the fall of Acre, established a base at Limassol and Kolossi, clashed with the Lusignan kings, and ultimately seized Rhodes in a bold campaign funded by Cypriot resources. We trace the political intrigue that saw Grand Master Foulques de Villaret plot against King Henry II, leading to…
The Cypriot Wine Revival: From Ancient Vines to Modern Bottles
In this episode of The History of Cyprus, Lucas and Luna explore the island's deep-rooted wine culture, from the legendary Commandaria, said to be the world's oldest named wine, to the recent revival of indigenous grape varieties like Xynisteri and Maratheftiko. They trace how the ancient Cypriot wine trade flourished under the Phoenicians at Kition, how the Crusaders encountered 'vinum commendae' and how the Ottomans maintained production, and how the British occupation shaped the modern…
The Lusignan Fall of Famagusta 1374
In 1374, the Genoese seized Famagusta, the richest port in the eastern Mediterranean, and held it for nearly a century. This episode follows the crisis from the murder of King Peter I through the disastrous war of Peter II, the Peace of 1374, and the brutal occupation that turned the city into a Genoese colony. We look at the ambitions of the Genoese merchant-bankers, the role of the Ibelin lords, the failure of the Cypriot barons to unite, and the long economic decline that followed. Lucas and…
The Treaty of Larnaca: When Cyprus Became a Demilitarized Kingdom
In 1125, the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Jerusalem signed a treaty that turned Cyprus into a demilitarized zone. This episode explores the unlikely alliance between Emperor John II Komnenos and King Baldwin II, the challenges of policing a border without soldiers, and the island's brief golden age of trade and diplomacy. Lucas and Luna discuss the treaty's origins, the role of the church, the smuggling economy, and the eventual collapse of the arrangement as the Crusader states…
The Hidden Roman Aqueduct of Cyprus
In 199, we follow a fresh water thread through Cyprus's ancient history: the Roman aqueduct that supplied Salamis. Lucas and Luna trace how the island's wealthiest city solved its chronic water shortage in the 1st century AD, building a 40-kilometer channel from the Kyrenia mountains to the coast. Along the way, they meet the city's benefactor, the orator and consul who paid for it, and uncover what the aqueduct's engineering tells us about Roman rule, civic pride, and daily life on the island.…
Saint Hilarion Castle: A King's Escape in the Kyrenia Hills
Perched high above the north coast of Cyprus, the Castle of Saint Hilarion is more than a Crusader fortification. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the castle's unlikely origins as a Byzantine monastery, its transformation under the Lusignan kings into a mountain refuge and royal retreat, and the many legends that cling to its stones. From the hermit saint who gave the castle its name to the dozen rebel knights who once sought shelter there, from the kitchens and royal apartments to the…
Cyprus's Royal Tombs of Salamis: A City of the Dead
Long before the Romans, before the Ptolemies, even before the classical Greeks planted their colonies, the city-kingdom of Salamis on Cyprus's east coast built tombs that would astonish the Mediterranean. In this episode, Lucas and Luna descend into the Royal Tombs of Salamis — a necropolis of underground chambers where kings and queens were buried with their horses, their chariots, and the echoes of Homeric rites. We trace the tomb architecture from the early Iron Age through the Cypro-Archaic…
The Venetian Walls of Nicosia: A City Fortified
Episode 196 of The History of Cyprus turns to the massive star-shaped fortifications that still ring Nicosia's old town. Built in the 1560s by the Venetian Republic, these walls were a response to the Ottoman threat that would soon engulf the island. Lucas and Luna walk through the design, the engineers, the labor, and the strategic thinking behind the project, and they consider what the walls meant for the city's people, its future, and its surrender in 1570. Along the way, they touch on the…
The Lusignan Queens Who Ruled Cyprus
In 195th episode, Lucas and Luna look at the Lusignan queens of medieval Cyprus, from Alix of Champagne and Isabella of Ibelin to Eleanor of Aragon and Charlotte de Lusignan. They explore how these women shaped the island's politics in the shadow of the Crusades, the Genoese, and the Mamluks. From regencies and kidnappings to exile and defiance, the conversation reveals the surprising power and peril of being a queen in a kingdom that was always up for grabs. #LusignanQueens #CyprusHistory…
The Copper Flows: Cyprus in the Bronze Age Trade Web
Long before the empires of Rome or Byzantium fought over Cyprus, the island was already at the center of a vast Bronze Age trade network. This episode traces the journey of Cypriot copper from the Troodos mines to the palaces of Egypt, the Hittite heartland, and the port cities of the Levant. We follow the oxhide ingots that sailed on ships like the Uluburun wreck, and we meet the merchants and rulers of Enkomi, Kition, and Salamis who grew rich on the red metal. We also explore the dark side…
The Sea People and the Collapse of Bronze Age Cyprus
In 1177 BCE, the world of the eastern Mediterranean changed forever. The Hittite Empire fell, Mycenaean palaces burned, and the great city of Ugarit was destroyed. Cyprus — the copper-rich island at the center of it all — did not escape. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the mysterious Sea Peoples, identified in Egyptian records as the 'Peoples of the Sea,' swept through the region and left Cyprus transformed. We look at the archaeological evidence from Enkomi, Kition, and…
Queen Alenka's Siege of Famagusta 1425
In 1425, a woman named Alenka lost her husband to the Mamluks in Egypt. Instead of mourning quietly, she turned his absence into a private war. This episode follows Queen Charlotte of Lusignan's forgotten predecessor — Helen of Byzantium, the regent of Cyprus — through her desperate defense of Famagusta against the Mamluk fleet. We trace her negotiations with the Republic of Venice, her alliance with the Hospitallers of Rhodes, and her ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mamluk admiral Barsbay.…
The Unknown Cypriot Woman Who Stopped an Ottoman Fleet
In 1570, as the Ottoman siege of Nicosia tightened, a Cypriot woman named Maria Synglitiki performed an act of defiance that would be remembered for centuries. When the Ottoman admiral demanded the surrender of her village, she offered him a cup of poisoned wine. The story, recorded by the Cypriot chronicler Florio Bustron, has echoes of Judith and Holofernes, but it also opens a window onto the everyday resistance of ordinary Cypriots during the brutal conquest. In this episode, we trace…
The Cypriot Peasant Who Became Emperor
In 1185, a minor Byzantine official named Isaac Komnenos seized the island of Cyprus and declared himself emperor. For seven years he ruled with a cruelty that shocked even the hardened chroniclers of the age, mocking the Byzantine court with forged letters and torturing a visiting princess. But his reign unraveled when Richard the Lionheart, on his way to the Third Crusade, was driven to the island by a storm. What began as a rescue mission for Richard's shipwrecked sister turned into a…
The Genoese Takeover of Cyprus: 1373-1464
In 1373, Genoa seized Famagusta, the island's richest port, from the Lusignan kings. This episode traces how a commercial dispute over sugar and alum escalated into a full-scale invasion, how the Genoese held the city for ninety-one years, and how the Lusignans—and later the Venetians—tried to get it back. We follow King Peter I's assassination, his son Peter II's disastrous war, the brutal siege of Famagusta, and the bitter treaty that made Cyprus a tributary of Genoa. We also meet the last…
The Cypriot Copper That Powered the Bronze Age
Before the island was known for wines, saints, or sieges, Cyprus was the Mediterranean's copper giant. The very name of the metal traces back to the island — aes Cyprium, 'Cyprian bronze.' In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into the geological accident that made Cyprus the world's first industrial superpower. We follow the ore from the Troodos mountains to the smelting furnaces of Enkomi, where Bronze Age workers produced copper on an almost factory scale. We hear how Cypriot copper reached…
The Cypriot Mint: Coinage and the Island's Ancient Economy
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the ancient Cypriot economy through the lens of coinage. From the earliest silver staters issued by the city-kingdoms of Salamis and Paphos to the gold issues of the Ptolemaic era, they trace how Cyprus became a crucial hub in Mediterranean trade. They discuss the significance of the island's copper mines, the transition from ingot to coin, the images of deities and kings that adorned the coins, and what hoards like the one at Larnaca reveal about…
Zeno of Citium: The Cypriot Who Founded Stoicism
In this episode of The History of Cyprus, hosts Lucas and Luna explore the life and legacy of Zeno of Citium, the Cypriot merchant who became one of the most influential philosophers of the ancient world. Born in Kition (modern Larnaca) around 334 BC, Zeno survived a shipwreck and ended up in Athens, where he founded the Stoic school of philosophy. Lucas traces Zeno's early life in Cyprus's Phoenician-Greek culture, his encounters with philosophical traditions in Athens, and the core ideas of…
Cyprus Under the Arab-Byzantine Condominium
For three centuries, Cyprus was a unique experiment in shared sovereignty: a neutral island paying taxes to both the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate. This episode explores the 649 raid by Muawiyah, the 688 treaty between Justinian II and Abd al-Malik that established the condominium, and the everyday life of Cypriots caught between two worlds. We discuss the destruction of Salamis, the rise of Nicosia as a new capital, and the eventual Byzantine reconquest under Nikephoros II Phokas…
The Idalion Tablet and the Cypriot Syllabary Decoded
Long before the Rosetta Stone, another bilingual text helped crack an ancient script: the Idalion Tablet. Discovered in 1850 on the island of Cyprus, this bronze plaque bears the same contract written in Phoenician and the Cypriot syllabary — a writing system used for the local Greek dialect between the 11th and 4th centuries BC. Lucas and Luna explore the city-kingdom of Idalion, its copper wealth, and the physician named Onasikos who was rewarded with silver and land for treating the wounded.…
Evagoras I: The Cypriot King Who Dreamed of Greece
Long before Alexander the Great, a Cypriot king named Evagoras I of Salamis tried to unite the island's Greek and Phoenician city-kingdoms under a single Hellenic identity. Amid the chaos of the Corinthian War, he forged an alliance with Athens, brought Greek artists and writers to his court, and even adopted the Attic alphabet. But his ambition provoked the wrath of the Persian Empire. The Great King Artaxerxes II sent a massive expedition under generals Tiribazus and Orontes to crush him.…
The Kyrenia Shipwreck: A 4th Century BC Time Capsule
In 1965, a sponge diver discovered an ancient Greek merchant ship off the coast of Kyrenia, Cyprus. The Kyrenia shipwreck, dating to around 300 BC, is one of the best-preserved classical vessels ever found. This episode takes you underwater to explore the ship's construction, cargo, and the remarkable story of its recovery led by archaeologist Michael Katzev. From amphorae full of almonds to millstones from Santorini, the wreck reveals a thriving Mediterranean trade network. We also discuss the…
The Siege of Famagusta: Venice's Last Stand on Cyprus
In the summer of 1570, Ottoman forces under Lala Mustafa Pasha landed on Cyprus, beginning a campaign that would end Venetian rule on the island. This episode focuses on the siege of Famagusta — the final, desperate defense of the Venetian fortress city. Inside the walls, Captain General Marco Antonio Bragadin and engineer Astorre Baglioni commanded a garrison of a few thousand against an army of over 100,000. The siege lasted nearly a year, marked by brutal trench warfare, mining tunnels, and…
Barnabas and the Birth of Cypriot Christianity
In this episode of The History of Cyprus, Lucas and Luna explore the island's pivotal role in the early spread of Christianity. They follow the Cypriot apostle Barnabas—originally a Levite named Joseph—as he teams up with Paul to bring the gospel to their homeland. Hear about the dramatic encounter with the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus in Paphos, his conversion (the first Roman official to embrace Christianity), and the lasting impact on Cyprus's identity. The story continues with Barnabas's…
The Mamluk Invasion of Cyprus in 1426: King Janus's Fall
In 1426, the Mamluk sultan Barsbay launched a devastating invasion of Cyprus, crushing the army of King Janus at the Battle of Khirokitia. This episode unpacks the causes—Cypriot piracy and the Lusignan alliance with Christian powers—and the aftermath: a punitive treaty that reduced Cyprus to a tribute-paying vassal of Cairo. We explore Janus's capture, his ten-month imprisonment, and the lasting scars on the island's identity. Drawing on the chronicles of Leontios Machairas and Mamluk sources…
The Kitos War: Cyprus in Flames
In 115 AD, the Roman Empire faced one of its most devastating internal crises when Jewish communities across the Mediterranean rose in revolt. On Cyprus, the rebellion was especially ferocious. Under a leader named Artemion, the Jewish insurgents captured and razed Salamis, one of the island's greatest cities, and reportedly killed hundreds of thousands of inhabitants. The Roman governor was overwhelmed, and only the intervention of the general Lusius Quietus—whose name the war ultimately…
The British Takeover of Cyprus in 1878
In 1878, the British Empire took control of Cyprus from the Ottoman Empire through the Cyprus Convention. This episode explores the geopolitical maneuvering behind the transfer, the arrival of the first High Commissioner Sir Garnet Wolseley, the initial reactions of Greek and Turkish Cypriots, and the imposition of a heavy tribute that fueled resentment. We discuss the Congress of Berlin, the strategic value of Cyprus as a base for protecting Ottoman territories against Russia, and the early…
The Cypriot Archbishop Who Defied the Sultan
In 1821, as Greece rose against Ottoman rule, Cyprus faced a crisis. Archbishop Kyprianos, the spiritual and political leader of the island's Greek community, walked a dangerous line—balancing hopes for freedom with the brutal realities of Ottoman power. When the Sultan demanded loyalty, Kyprianos refused to condemn the Greek revolutionaries. His defiance led to his execution in Nicosia, along with hundreds of other Cypriot notables. This episode explores the life and martyrdom of Archbishop…
Cypriot Wine: The Ancient Vintage That Ruled the Mediterranean
This episode uncovers Cyprus's role as a wine powerhouse spanning three millennia. Lucas and Luna explore the island's indigenous Commandaria grape, the world's oldest named wine still in production. Discover how Cypriot vintners earned royal favor from the Pharaohs, how Richard the Lionheart served their sweet wine at his wedding, and how trade networks from the Bronze Age to the Lusignan era spread Cypriot amphorae across the Mediterranean. The story includes the Knights Templar's takeover of…
The Cypriot Revolution of 1191: Richard Lionheart's Conquest
In 1191, King Richard the Lionheart of England paused his crusade to conquer Cyprus, a Byzantine island ruled by the rebellious Isaac Komnenos. This episode follows the dramatic nine-day campaign that began with a shipwreck and ended with Isaac's chains of silver. We explore Richard's motives, the fierce resistance at Kyrenia, and how this conquest reshaped Cyprus's medieval identity. Along the way, we examine the tensions between Byzantine and Latin Christianity, the role of Templar knights…
The Cypriot Constitution That Forged a Nation: 1960
In 1960, Cyprus became an independent republic with a power-sharing constitution designed to balance Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot interests. But the system collapsed within three years. This episode dives into the 1960 Constitution—how it was negotiated, what it said about the presidency and vice-presidency, the separate communal chambers, and the notorious Article 7 on ethnic quotas. We trace its roots in the Zurich and London Agreements, the role of Greece, Turkey, and Britain, and the…
The Cypriot Ingenuity That Defeated the British Navy in 1898
In 1898, the British Royal Navy governed the Mediterranean with iron confidence—until a tiny Cypriot fishing boat outmaneuvered them in a dramatic chase off the coast of Kyrenia. This episode tells the little-known story of Captain Yiannis Michaelides and his crew, who, using local knowledge and a clever decoy, evaded capture by HMS Rattlesnake during a smuggling run. We explore the economic desperation that drove Cypriot sailors to risk the wrath of the empire, the shadow trade routes linking…
The Cypriot King Who Refused Rome: Ptolemy's Final Stand
In 58 BCE, the island of Cyprus was annexed by the Roman Republic in a move that shocked the Hellenistic world. This episode tells the story of King Ptolemy of Cyprus, the younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes of Egypt, who chose death over submission to Rome. We explore the political machinations of Publius Clodius Pulcher, the tribune who engineered the annexation through a plebiscite, and the role of Cato the Younger, the staunch republican who was sent to seize the island without an army.…
The Cypriot Poet Who Invented Love: Ovid's Exile and the Birth of Elegy
When the Roman poet Ovid was banished by Augustus in 8 AD, he ended up on a remote island that reshaped his voice and legacy. But was it really Tomis on the Black Sea, or did he spend time on Cyprus? In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Ovid's mysterious exile, the Cypriot connections in his poetry, and how an island of copper and Aphrodite became the backdrop for the invention of personal, longing-filled love elegy. We examine the evidence from Ovid's own 'Tristia' and 'Epistulae ex Ponto'…
The Cypriot King Who Sold His Island to Venice for a Palace
In 1489, the last queen of Cyprus, Caterina Cornaro, abdicated and the island became a Venetian colony. But that wasn't the whole story. Behind the scenes, her husband King James II of Cyprus had already mortgaged the realm to Venetian creditors for a loan he never repaid. This episode traces the corrosively slow sellout: the Venetian bankers, the Papal diplomats, the Ottoman threats, and the local Cypriot nobility who saw their island traded for 100,000 ducats. We also explore the 'Palazzo…
The Cypriot Rebellion of 167 BC That Shook the Seleucids
In 167 BC, a rebellion erupted across Cyprus that forced the Seleucid Empire to divert troops from its war with the Maccabees in Judea. This episode focuses on the little-known revolt led by a Cypriot general named Diotimos, who briefly seized control of Salamis and Kition. We discuss the Seleucid administration on the island, the role of the Ptolemaic loyalists, and how the revolt collapsed after Antigonos, the Seleucid governor, bribed the mercenary forces. The episode also touches on the…
Cyprus and the Copper That Built the Bronze Age Trade Networks
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Cyprus's vast copper deposits turned the island into the industrial engine of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. They trace the mining operations in the Troodos Mountains, the production of oxhide ingots, and the export networks that reached Egypt, Anatolia, and the Aegean. The conversation covers the role of the enigmatic Alashiya kingdom mentioned in Hittite and Egyptian texts, the Cypriot syllabic script, and the recent excavations at Enkomi and…
The Cypriot King Who Chose Alexander Over Persia: Pnytagoras of Salamis
In 332 BC, as Alexander the Great swept through the eastern Mediterranean, the city-kingdoms of Cyprus faced an impossible choice: back the Persian Empire that had ruled them for two centuries, or throw in with a young Macedonian king whose ambitions were still unproven. Most Cypriot kings chose Persia. But one king, Pnytagoras of Salamis, bet everything on Alexander. This episode follows Pnytagoras's gamble: how he aligned Salamis with the Macedonian tide, sent ships to the siege of Tyre, and…
The Cypriot City That Disappeared: Amathus Rediscovered
Long before the Crusaders, the Venetians, or even the classical city-kingdoms of Salamis and Kition, the southern coast of Cyprus held a city that claimed to be the oldest of all: Amathus. Unlike its rivals, Amathus boasted an autochthonous people—the Eteocypriots—who clung to their own language and script long after Greek became dominant. This episode traces Amathus from its legendary foundation by a son of Heracles, through its defiance against the Persians and the Ptolemies, to its final…
The Cypriot King Who Defied Alexander the Great
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the story of King Pnytagoras of Salamis, the Cypriot ruler who dared to resist Alexander the Great. When Alexander swept through the eastern Mediterranean after the fall of Tyre, most Cypriot kings quickly submitted. But Pnytagoras, a seasoned diplomat and strategist, held out, leveraging his island's naval strength and his ties to Persia. We discuss the siege of Tyre, where Cypriot ships played a crucial role, and how Pnytagoras…
The Lost Cypriot Kingdom of Marion
Long before the famous city-kingdoms of Cyprus—Salamis, Kition, Paphos—there was Marion, a prosperous polis on the northwest coast that minted its own coinage, controlled rich copper mines, and resisted Persian domination until its violent destruction around 312 BCE. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the rise and fall of Marion, from its first mention in Assyrian records as part of a ten-king coalition to its final sack by Ptolemy I Soter. They trace its distinctive coinage featuring a…
The Cypriot Goddess Who Ruled Before Aphrodite
Before Aphrodite rose from the foam off Cyprus's coast, the island worshipped a far older goddess: an armed, lion-flanked deity scholars call the 'Mistress of the Animals.' In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Neolithic and Chalcolithic figurines of the Cypriot Great Goddess, the temple at Kition that predates the Greeks, and the snake-wielding goddess of Enkomi. They trace how Mycenaean settlers melded her with their own goddess to create the familiar Aphrodite, and why Cyprus remained…
The Cypriot King Who Gave Away His Crown for Love
In 1489, Queen Caterina Cornaro of Cyprus abdicated her throne and handed the island to Venice — not under duress, but by design. This episode tells the story of the last queen of Cyprus, her marriage to King James II, the mysterious death of her husband and infant son, and the Venetian machinations that turned a love match into a political takeover. We explore Caterina's life in exile, her court in Asolo where she patronized artists like Giorgione, and the enduring legend that she was forced…
The Cypriot Copper That Powered the Bronze Age
For centuries, the island of Cyprus was the world's most important source of copper — a metal so vital that its very name may come from the Greek word for copper, 'kypros.' In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Cypriot copper fueled the Bronze Age economies of Egypt, the Levant, and beyond. They examine the mining operations in the Troodos Mountains, the smelting techniques that produced ingots traded across the Mediterranean, and the political power that came from controlling this…
The Cypriot King Who Fought for Rome: Ptolemy of Mauretania
In 40 AD, the Roman emperor Caligula summoned a Cypriot-born king to Rome and had him murdered. Why? Ptolemy of Mauretania was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty, grandson of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, and his kingdom in North Africa was wealthy, independent, and dangerously popular. This episode traces Ptolemy's journey from his birthplace on Cyprus—where his father Juba II had estates—to his reign in Mauretania, his fatal visit to Rome, and what his death tells us about Roman imperial…
The Cypriot Mint That Struck Alexander's Gold
In this episode, we dive into the story of Nikokreon, the king of Salamis who minted gold staters for Alexander the Great, using the Attic weight standard. We explore how Cypriot city-kingdoms like Salamis, Kition, and Amathus supplied coinage for the Macedonian conquest, the role of the local mints in the broader Hellenistic economy, and the political calculations behind Nikokreon's loyalty to Alexander. We also touch on the archaeological evidence from the Salamis mint and the transition from…
The Cypriot Archer Who Stopped a Persian Invasion
In 498 BC, the city-kingdoms of Cyprus rose against Persian rule. Led by Onesilus of Salamis, the rebels faced a massive Persian army at the Battle of the Plain of Salamis. Lucas and Luna explore how a single archer, Onesilus himself, may have turned the tide by killing the Persian commander Artybius. They examine the complex alliances of Cypriot kings, the role of the Ionian Greek allies, and the aftermath that left Cyprus under Persian control for two more centuries. This episode unpacks the…
The Cypriot Ship That Defied the Ottoman Fleet in 1570
In July 1570, as the Ottoman armada descended on Cyprus, one ship made a desperate run from Kyrenia to Venice, carrying the last official appeal for help from the island's Venetian rulers. This episode follows the voyage of the 'Santa Maria della Vittoria', a 300-ton galley that slipped through the blockade, the political chaos in Nicosia as the defenders weighed surrender, and the tragic aftermath when reinforcements finally arrived too late. We explore the role of the Venetian captain…
The Cypriot Mint That Struck Alexander's Gold
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the little-known story of how Cyprus became a key mint for Alexander the Great's gold coinage. They discuss the Attic weight standard, the stunning gold staters struck in Salamis and Paphos, and the political reasons Alexander trusted Cypriot mints over mainland ones. The conversation covers the role of King Nikokreon of Salamis, the connection to the nearby Phoenician mints, and how Cypriot gold coins funded Alexander's campaigns. They also touch on the…
The Cypriot Monk Who Invented a New Alphabet
In this episode of The History of Cyprus, Lucas and Luna explore the remarkable story of St. Neophytos the Recluse—not just as the ascetic who carved the Enkleistra into a cliff face near Paphos, but as an intellectual innovator who created his own writing system. In the late 12th century, while Cyprus was buffeted by Isaac Komnenos's rebellion, Richard the Lionheart's conquest, and the dawn of Lusignan rule, Neophytos developed a cryptic Cypriot script to keep his secret writings hidden. Lucas…
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