Episodes
The 1710 Recife Revolt: Brazil's Nativist Uprising
In 1710, the Brazilian port of Recife rose against its aristocratic neighbor Olinda in a conflict known as the Revolta dos Mascates. Merchants, called mascates, resented the dominance of the sugar-planting elite. Lucas explains how the revolt was sparked by a royal decree granting Recife its own town council, breaking Olinda's centuries-old control. The uprising pitted the commercial class against the landed gentry, culminating in a brief imprisonment of the governor and a violent clash in the…
The 1684 Beckman Revolt: Maranhão's Failed Uprising
In 1684, Portuguese colonists in Maranhão rose up against the Jesuit missions and the monopoly company that controlled their trade. Led by the Beckman brothers, the revolt briefly seized power before being crushed by royal forces. This episode explores the economic desperation, the role of Amazonian indigenous labor, and the harsh punishment that followed. We discuss the roots of the conflict, the grievances of the colonists, and the legacy of a rebellion that foreshadowed later Brazilian…
The 1824 Confederation of the Equator: Brazil's Other Republic
In 1824, as Brazil's new emperor Dom Pedro I struggled to hold his vast nation together, the northeast rose in a radical republican revolt that history nearly forgot. This is the story of the Confederation of the Equator — a short-lived rebellion led by friars, liberal priests, and a freemason journalist named Frei Caneca, who dreamed of a republic in the sugar lands of Pernambuco. We trace the revolt from the sugar mills of Recife to the bloody siege of Recife's port, and the execution of its…
The Canudos War's Aftermath: A Nation's Reckoning
In Episode 199, Lucas and Luna explore what happened after the fourth and final campaign against Canudos. They revisit the siege, the deaths of Antônio Conselheiro and his followers, and the shocking discovery that the feared rebels were mostly poor farmers. Then they examine the aftermath: the state-sanctioned violence, the burning of the settlement, the corpses left in the open, and the brutal treatment of survivors. They discuss the military's official report versus Euclides da Cunha's…
Dom Pedro I and the Cry of Ipiranga: Brazil's First Emperor
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step back from the conspiracies and revolts to meet the man at the center of Brazil's independence: Dom Pedro I. They trace his journey from Portuguese prince to emperor of a new nation, from the famous Cry of Ipiranga in 1822 to the bloody wars that secured Brazil's borders. Along the way, they untangle the contradictions of a man who championed constitutionalism yet dissolved the assembly, who fought for independence but clung to slavery, and whose private life…
The Chibata Revolt's Forgotten Hero: João Cândido
Long before the Revolt of the Lash shook Rio de Janeiro in 1910, a young Black sailor named João Cândido had already survived shipwreck, naval war, and the brutal floggings that were routine in the Brazilian Navy. This episode digs into the man behind the mutiny — his rise from a poor Bahian childhood to the decks of the battleship Minas Geraes, his role in the revolt that ended flogging, and the devastating aftermath that saw him vilified, imprisoned, and ultimately forgotten. We trace the…
The Black Pearl of the Backlands: Machado de Assis and the Making of Brazilian Literature
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step away from the plantation and the gold mine to explore the life and work of Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, the grandson of freed slaves who became Brazil's greatest writer. Born in Rio de Janeiro in 1839, Machado rose from poverty to found the Brazilian Academy of Letters, all while crafting novels like Dom Casmurro and The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas that dissected the hypocrisy of Rio's elite. We trace his journey from a mulatto boy working as a…
The Founding of Santos: Why Brazil's Coffee Port Was First a Slave Town
In the early 1500s, Santos was little more than a clearing on the Brazilian coast, a place where ships stopped for water and the occasional trade. But by the 1540s, it had become something else: a town built on sugar, and soon on enslaved labor. This episode traces Santos' founding from its start as a supply point for Portuguese explorers to its transformation into Brazil's most important coffee port. We follow the lives of the first settlers, the Indigenous peoples who were displaced, and the…
The 1710 Recife Revolt: Brazil's Nativist Uprising
In 1710, Recife exploded in a revolt that pitted the port's merchant elite against the sugar aristocracy of Olinda. The Revolt of the Peddlers, as it came to be known, was Brazil's first nativist uprising, a clash over taxes, corruption, and the soul of a colony. This episode traces the roots of the conflict in the sugar economy, the role of the powerful Albuquerque family, the dramatic imprisonment of the governor, and the arrival of a new governor who would define the terms of Brazilian…
The Band of the War of the Triple Alliance, 1864-1870
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the cramped, fever-ridden decks of the Paraguayan War, exploring the daily life of the soldiers who fought in South America's deadliest conflict. From the Brazilian volunteers, the Voluntários da Pátria, to the African-descended enslaved men who won their freedom through service, they uncover who actually fought and why. Along the way, they visit the sun-blasted ruins of Humaitá, the floating barracks of the Imperial Navy, and the makeshift hospitals…
The Baron of Rio Branco: Brazil's Quiet Diplomatic Empire
In this episode of Fexingo History, we explore the life and legacy of the Baron of Rio Branco, the man who peacefully defined Brazil's borders and shaped its modern identity. José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, a diplomat and statesman, secured more territory for Brazil through negotiation than any war ever did. We trace his early life as a consul in Liverpool, his role in the pivotal Acre dispute with Bolivia, and his brilliant legal strategies in the arbitration of the Amapá region against…
The Chibata Revolt: Brazil's Black Sailors' Fight Against Flogging
In November 1910, the crews of Brazil's most powerful warships turned their guns on Rio de Janeiro, demanding an end to the lash. Led by João Cândido, a Black sailor known as the 'Black Admiral,' the mutiny shook the republic to its core. This episode follows the revolt from the brutal floggings aboard the Minas Geraes to the dramatic standoff in Guanabara Bay, the government's broken promises, and the brutal reprisals that followed. We explore the racial hierarchies that shaped Brazil's navy…
The Vaccine Revolt's Echo: How Rio's 1904 Uprising Shaped Brazil's Public Health
In November 1904, Rio de Janeiro erupted. Not against a war or a tax, but against a vaccine. The Revolta da Vacina — the Vaccine Revolt — saw thousands of cariocas tear up streets, topple streetcars, and battle police for nearly a week, all because the federal government, under President Rodrigues Alves and health official Oswaldo Cruz, tried to force a smallpox vaccine on a city already reeling from urban renewal. This episode looks past the familiar rebellion to ask: what did the revolt…
The 1955 Nov 11 Pact: Brazil's Last Military Coup
In November 1955, Brazil teetered on the edge of another coup—this time not by generals but by a defense minister acting to stop one. When the president-elect faced a military faction determined to block his inauguration, Marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott launched a preemptive strike that reshaped Brazilian democracy. This episode traces the tense weeks leading to the Movimento de 11 de Novembro, the role of the Clube Militar, the countercoup of Carlos Luz and Carlos Pena, and how Lott's…
The 1910 Revolt of the Lash: Brazil's Naval Mutiny
In 1910, Brazil's newest battleships, the most powerful in the world, were taken over by their own sailors. The Revolt of the Lash, or Revolta da Chibata, was a direct response to the brutal floggings still used in the navy. Led by João Cândido, the 'Black Admiral', mutineers on the Minas Geraes and São Paulo demanded an end to corporal punishment and better treatment. This episode unpacks the mutiny's roots in slavery, the navy's racial hierarchy, and how the government's empty promises led to…
Getúlio Vargas and the Estado Novo: Brazil's 15-Year Dictatorship That Modernized a Nation
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the rise and rule of Getúlio Vargas, Brazil's most transformative and controversial leader. They focus on the Estado Novo (1937–1945), the authoritarian regime Vargas installed after a self-coup. Learn how Vargas, a gaúcho from Rio Grande do Sul, came to power through the 1930 Revolution, then consolidated control by suppressing the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution. Discover how he used the DIP propaganda department to craft his image as 'Father of the…
The 1835 Malê Revolt Brazil's Muslim Slave Rebellion
In 1835, a carefully planned uprising by enslaved Muslims in Salvador, Bahia, shook the foundations of Brazilian slavery. The Malê Revolt, led by African-born men who could read and write in Arabic, was the largest urban slave rebellion in the Americas. Over 600 rebels attacked the city's palaces and barracks, using amulets inscribed with Quranic verses for protection. This episode explores the revolt's origins in the transatlantic slave trade, the role of Hausa and Yoruba speakers, the brutal…
Canudos: Brazil's Holy War in the Backlands
In the arid backlands of northeast Brazil, a mystic preacher named Antônio Conselheiro built a city of thousands, defying the brand-new republic. This episode follows the rise of Belo Monte, the millenarian community that scared the government into a bloody war. Lucas and Luna explore the conflict's roots in drought, poverty, and messianic faith, and how journalist Euclides da Cunha turned Canudos into a national epic. They unpack the siege, the death toll, and the bitter irony that the…
The Portuguese Court in Brazil: How 1808 Reshaped a Nation
In 1807, as Napoleon's armies swept across Iberia, the Portuguese royal family made an unprecedented decision: they fled to their largest colony, Brazil. This episode of The History of Brazil explores the 13 years (1808–1821) when Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the Portuguese Empire. We discuss the perilous Atlantic crossing under British escort, the immediate economic reforms—including the opening of Brazilian ports to friendly nations—and the founding of key institutions like the Bank…
The War of the Emboabas: Brazil's Gold Rush Civil War
In the early 1700s, Brazil's gold rush sparked a bitter civil war between the Paulista pioneers who first found the riches and the Portuguese newcomers who flooded in to claim their share. This episode dives into the War of the Emboabas (1707–1709), a bloody conflict that pitted backwoods explorers against foreign opportunists, leading to the massacre at Capão da Traição, the rise of the miner-adventurer Borba Gato, and the founding of Vila Rica (modern Ouro Preto). We explore how gold…
The Amazon Rubber Boom: How Manaus Became the Paris of the Jungle
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Amazon rainforest became the world's sole source of wild rubber, sparking a feverish boom that transformed the remote river city of Manaus into a fantastically wealthy metropolis. This episode explores how rubber barons built a sumptuous opera house, imported European luxuries, and indulged in breathtaking extravagance while the indigenous seringueiros who tapped the trees lived in debt peonage. Lucas and Luna trace the rise of the rubber trade…
The 1798 Tailors' Revolt: Brazil's Forgotten Revolution
In 1798, a group of tailors, soldiers, freedmen, and radicals in Salvador, Bahia plotted to overthrow Portuguese rule and establish a republic inspired by the French Revolution. Their demands included the abolition of slavery, free trade, and equal rights for all races. The conspiracy was betrayed, its leaders executed or exiled. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Revolta dos Alfaiates — the Tailors' Revolt — uncovering the ideology, key figures like João de Deus and Cipriano Barata…
The 1922 Modern Art Week That Redefined Brazil
In 1922, as Brazil celebrated a century of independence, a group of artists and writers stormed the Teatro Municipal in São Paulo to declare cultural war. The Semana de Arte Moderna — Modern Art Week — was a three-day festival of poetry, music, and painting that scandalized the elite and ignited a movement. This episode follows the key figures: Mário de Andrade, Oswald de Andrade, Tarsila do Amaral, and Heitor Villa-Lobos. We explore their radical idea of 'anthropophagy' — devouring foreign…
Johan Maurits and the Dutch Colony of New Holland in Brazil
In this episode of The History of Brazil, Lucas and Luna explore the forgotten Dutch colony of New Holland, which flourished in northeastern Brazil from 1630 to 1654. They focus on the remarkable governor Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, a Renaissance prince who transformed Recife into Mauritsstad, a city of palaces, gardens, and scientific inquiry. Lucas explains how the Dutch West India Company seized Pernambuco during the Iberian Union, and how Johan Maurits governed with unusual tolerance…
The Inconfidência Mineira: Brazil's First Independence Conspiracy
In 1789, a group of poets, soldiers, and intellectuals in the gold-rich captaincy of Minas Gerais plotted to overthrow Portuguese rule and create a republic. Inspired by the American Revolution and the Enlightenment, the conspirators—including the dentist-turned-revolutionary Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, known as Tiradentes—envisioned a free Brazil with its capital in São João del-Rei. But betrayal, a harsh crackdown, and the execution of Tiradentes turned him into a martyr. This episode…
The Paraguayan War: Brazil's Worst Conflict and the Rise of Caxias
In the 1860s, Brazil under Emperor Dom Pedro II was drawn into a devastating war against Paraguay. This episode follows the conflict from the capture of the steamship Marquês de Olinda to the final battle at Cerro Corá. We examine the key battles — Riachuelo, Tuyutí, the siege of Humaitá — and the leadership of the Duke of Caxias, who turned the tide for the Triple Alliance. We also discuss the war's staggering human cost, its role in weakening Brazil's monarchy, and its enduring legacy in…
The Bandeirantes: Brazil's Paulista Explorers Who Opened the Interior
Before Brazil was a continental nation, its vast interior was a mystery to coastal colonists. This episode follows the bandeirantes — rough-hewn explorers from São Paulo who, from the late 16th to the 18th century, pushed deep into the sertão in search of Indigenous slaves, precious metals, and unknown lands. We trace the roots of the bandeiras, the expeditions that gave them their name; the shifting goals from slaving to gold-hunting; and the lasting legacy of figures like Raposo Tavares, who…
The 1838 Balaiada: Brazil's Cotton Rebellion
Lucas and Luna explore the Balaiada, a massive but often-overlooked popular revolt that convulsed Maranhão from 1838 to 1841. They trace its origins to the collapse of cotton markets, the manipulation by local elites, and the unlikely leadership of a basket weaver named Manuel Francisco dos Anjos Ferreira — the 'Balaio.' They discuss the role of the black leader Cosme Bento das Chagas, who commanded a quilombo army of thousands, and the brutal repression by the future Duke of Caxias. The…
The 1834 Additional Act: Brazil's Forgotten Constitutional Revolution
In 1834, during the turbulent Regency era, Brazil passed the Ato Adicional — a set of constitutional reforms that decentralized power, created provincial assemblies, and reshaped the empire's political landscape. This episode explores how the Additional Act emerged from the chaos of the Regency period, following Dom Pedro I's abdication in 1831. Lucas and Luna discuss the key figures behind the reform — including Diogo Antônio Feijó, the regent-priest, and the moderate liberals who sought to…
The 1964 Brazilian Coup: How the Military Seized Power
In this episode of The History of Brazil, Lucas and Luna explore the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état that ousted President João Goulart and installed a military dictatorship that lasted 21 years. They discuss the political crisis of the early 1960s, including Goulart's reform proposals, the March of the Family with God for Liberty, and the role of US support. The episode covers key events like the navy mutiny, the speeches at Central do Brasil, and the self-coup by the military, as well as the…
Dom Pedro II: Brazil's Emperor-Philosopher Who Lost a Throne
For nearly half a century, Dom Pedro II ruled Brazil as a constitutional emperor who preferred books to banquets, telescopes to thrones. This episode explores the paradox of a monarch who championed abolition, railroads, and free speech—yet was overthrown in a military coup in 1889. We trace his early education under the tutelage of José Bonifácio, his patronage of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, his friendship with writers like Machado de Assis, and his quiet exile in Europe. The…
The 1904 Vaccine Revolt: When Rio Raged Against Public Health
In November 1904, Rio de Janeiro erupted in one of the most paradoxical uprisings in Brazilian history: the Vaccine Revolt. For ten days, thousands of Cariocas fought street battles against a president who was trying to force them to take a smallpox shot. This episode dives into the clash between the positivist republic of President Rodrigues Alves, who dreamed of a European-style capital, and the city's poor and working class, who saw compulsory vaccination as just another government…
Brazil's 1837 Sabinada: The Bahia Revolt That Declared Its Own Republic
In November 1837, while Brazil was still reeling from the Cabanagem in the north, the city of Salvador da Bahia erupted in a new rebellion. The Sabinada was a middle-class uprising led by doctor and journalist Francisco Sabino Álvares da Rocha Vieira, who proclaimed the independent Republic of Bahia until the rightful emperor came of age. For four months, the rebels held Salvador against a siege by government forces commanded by João Crisóstomo Calado. This episode explores the social fractures…
The 1893 Naval Revolt: Brazil's Armada Against the President
Episode 169 of The History of Brazil turns to the Revolta da Armada (1893–94), a devastating naval rebellion that nearly tore apart the young republic. President Floriano Peixoto faced mutinous warships in Guanabara Bay, commanded by Admiral Custódio de Melo, who bombarded Rio de Janeiro and even seized the port of Desterro (modern Florianópolis). We explore the revolt's origins in the fragile post-empire political order, the rivalry between the army and navy, and the role of foreign…
The War of the Farrapos: Brazil's Ten-Year Republican Rebellion
In this episode of The History of Brazil, Lucas and Luna explore the War of the Farrapos (1835–1845), Brazil's longest and most dramatic regional rebellion. They trace the conflict from its origins in Rio Grande do Sul's cattle-ranching economy and resentment of imperial taxation, through the proclamation of the Riograndense Republic led by Bento Gonçalves and Antônio de Sousa Neto, to the guerrilla campaigns of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Anita Garibaldi. The conversation examines the role of…
The 1640 Restoration of Portuguese Brazil: A King's Abdication and a Colony's Rebirth
In 1640, a coup in Lisbon restored Portugal's independence from Spain, but for Brazil, it sparked a crisis of loyalty. This episode of The History of Brazil follows the dramatic events of the Restoration War, focusing on the figure of Dom João IV, the Bragança king who had to win the allegiance of a colony that had grown used to autonomy under the Habsburgs. We explore the role of Salvador de Sá, the governor of Rio de Janeiro who navigated the transition, and the failed Dutch invasion of Bahia…
The 1710 French Invasion of Rio de Janeiro
In 1710, French privateer Jean-François Duclerc landed near Rio de Janeiro, hoping to seize the gold-rich port. The invasion failed, but a year later a larger fleet under René Duguay-Trouin succeeded, holding the city for ransom. This episode tells the story of both attacks, the surprising Brazilian resistance that killed Duclerc, and the geopolitical fallout that reshaped Portugal's colonial priorities. We discuss the role of the Carioca neighborhood's name, the mysterious death of Duclerc…
The 1880s Abolitionist Tide: How Brazil Ended Slavery
In 1888, Brazil became the last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery, passing the Lei Áurea or Golden Law. But that final act was the culmination of decades of struggle. This episode traces the final push for abolition in the 1880s: the growing abolitionist movement in cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the role of figures like José do Patrocínio and Joaquim Nabuco, the escape networks of the quilombos and the caifazes, the political weakening of the slaveholding coffee…
Brazil's Indigenous Peoples: Resistance, Resilience, and Erasure
This episode explores the history of Brazil's Indigenous peoples, from before European contact through centuries of resistance and resilience. We discuss the Tupinambá, the Guarani, and the impact of Jesuit missions. Learn about the Cabanagem revolt, the legacy of Cândido Rondon, and the ongoing struggles for land rights and cultural survival. A focused look at a vital part of Brazilian history often overlooked. #Brazil #IndigenousPeoples #Tupinambá #Guarani #Jesuits #Cabanagem #Rondon #Amazon…
The 1822 War of Independence: Brazil's Fight for Empire
In 1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independent from Portugal, but the break was far from bloodless. This episode follows the chaos of the War of Independence—loyalist garrisons, naval blockades, and brutal skirmishes from Bahia to Pará. We meet Maria Quitéria, the woman who disguised herself as a soldier to fight for independence, and Lord Cochrane, the British mercenary admiral whose blockade of Salvador turned the tide. We explore the contradictory role of Dom Pedro I, who accepted a…
The Chibata Revolt: Brazil's Sailors Against the Whip
In November 1910, the Brazilian Navy was shaken by the Revolta da Chibata—the Revolt of the Lash—when Black and mixed-race sailors seized control of the dreadnoughts Minas Geraes and São Paulo, demanding an end to brutal flogging. Led by João Cândido Felisberto, a seasoned sailor nicknamed the 'Black Admiral,' the rebels held Rio de Janeiro's harbor hostage, threatening to bombard the capital if their demands were not met. This episode explores the racism and violence that fueled the revolt…
The 1910s Cangaço: Brazil's Bandit Kings and Social Rebels
In the arid backlands of northeast Brazil, a unique form of banditry emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: cangaço. Led by figures like Lampião, Maria Bonita, and Antônio Silvino, these bandits became folk heroes, social rebels, and symbols of resistance against the powerful coronéis and the state. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins of cangaço, its connection to the sertão's harsh environment, and its complex legacy. What drove men and women to take up arms? How…
The 1835 Cabanagem: Brazil's Bloodiest Popular Revolt
Long before Canudos or the Farroupilha, the Amazon province of Grão-Pará erupted in a savage rebellion that cost tens of thousands of lives. The Cabanagem (1835–1840) was a desperate uprising of Indigenous, Black, and mixed-race cabanos against the white elite who had monopolized power after Brazil's independence. Lucas and Luna explore how a cholera epidemic, brutal repression, and the sheer geography of the Amazon turned the rebellion into a four-year war of attrition. They discuss the…
The 1710 French Invasion of Rio: Brazil's Forgotten War
In 1710, a French privateer named Jean-François Duclerc landed a small fleet in Guanabara Bay, hoping to seize Rio de Janeiro and its gold. The attack failed, Duclerc was killed in captivity, and a year later a second French fleet under René Duguay-Trouin succeeded where Duclerc had not—sacking the city, extorting a massive ransom, and exposing the fragility of Portugal's South American empire. This episode traces both invasions, the ruthless reprisals by Brazilian militias, the legend of the…
Manaus: The Amazon Rubber Boom's Gilded Capital
In the late 19th century, a remote jungle city became the richest in South America. Manaus, at the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon, boasted electric streetcars before London, a lavish opera house built with Italian marble and French glass, and a population of rubber barons who lit cigars with banknotes. But the boom was built on the backs of seringueiros—rubber tappers enslaved by debt peonage deep in the forest. In this episode, we trace the rise and fall of Manaus's rubber empire: from…
The Fazenda: Inside Brazil's Slave Plantation Economy
This episode takes you inside the Brazilian fazenda, the vast sugar and coffee plantation that was the backbone of the empire and the engine of the Atlantic slave trade. We explore the brutal daily life of enslaved workers, the hierarchy from house slaves to field hands, the role of the feitor (overseer), and the economic calculations that made slave labor so profitable. We also look at the senzala slave quarters, the casa-grande manor, and how the plantation system shaped Brazilian society…
The 1798 Tailors' Revolt: Bahia's Plot for Freedom
In 1798, enslaved Africans, free Black artisans, and mixed-race tailors in Salvador, Bahia, plotted to overthrow Portuguese rule and end slavery. Inspired by the French and Haitian Revolutions, they circulated handwritten pamphlets calling for a republic of equals. This episode follows the movement from secret meetings in the city's churches and workshops to the brutal crackdown that followed. We explore the key figures: soldiers Lucas Dantas and Luís Pires, tailor Manuel Faustino, and the…
The 1817 Pernambucan Revolt: Brazil's First Republic
In 1817, a rebellion in Recife proclaimed a republic that lasted 75 days—a full five years before Brazil's independence. This episode tells the story of the Pernambucan Revolt (Revolução Pernambucana), a liberal uprising driven by sugar planters, merchants, Freemasons, and priests who were fed up with Portuguese taxes and the king's court in Rio. Led by figures like Domingos José Martins, Padre João Ribeiro, and Captain José de Barros Lima (the 'Lion of Tejucupapo'), the rebels seized Recife…
The 1937 Integralist Uprising: Brazil's Fascist Rebellion
In 1937, Brazil faced a fascist uprising led by Plínio Salgado's Integralist Party (Ação Integralista Brasileira). The Integralists, known for their green shirts and the sigma symbol, modeled themselves after European fascist movements but with a uniquely Brazilian blend of Catholicism and nationalism. When President Getúlio Vargas canceled elections and imposed the Estado Novo dictatorship, his former Integralist allies turned against him. The failed coup attempt on May 11, 1938, saw…
The 1848 Praieira Revolution: Brazil's Pernambuco Uprising
In 1848, while Europe burned with revolutions, Brazil's northeast erupted in its own rebellion: the Praieira Revolution in Pernambuco. This episode dives into the causes, key figures, and brutal suppression of the last revolt of the Brazilian Empire's Regency period. We explore the role of the liberal Praieira newspaper, the radical priest Joaquim do Amor Divino Rabelo (known as Frei Caneca, though he was executed in 1825—wait, wrong one? No, we mean the priest who actually led the Praieira…
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