Episodes
The Slave Dynasty's Architect: Iltutmish and Delhi
While earlier episodes explored the brutal politics of Balban and the architectural wonders of the Qutub Minar, this episode focuses on the man who actually made Delhi a capital worthy of an empire: Iltutmish. Ruling from 1210 to 1236, he was the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty and the true consolidator of Muslim rule in India. We examine how he navigated the threat of the Mongol hordes without fighting a single major battle, establishing the diplomatic strategy that would protect Delhi for…
Razia Sultana and the Gendered Politics of Medieval Delhi
In this episode, we explore the contested reign of Razia al-Din, the only woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate from 1236 to 1240. While earlier episodes covered the slave dynasties and military reforms, we look at the political mechanics that allowed a woman to seize power after her brother Rukn ud-Din’s erratic rule collapsed. We examine the role of the Chihalgani, or the Forty, and how their internal fractures created an opening for Razia. Lucas traces her rise through the eyes of contemporary…
Razia Sultana: The Woman Who Ruled Delhi
In medieval India, the throne was almost exclusively male, yet one woman defied convention to rule the Delhi Sultanate for four years. This episode explores the life of Razia al-Din, the daughter of Iltutmish, who ascended the throne in 1236 despite the protests of the powerful nobility. We trace her rise from a trusted advisor managing state affairs to the first and only female ruler of the Sultanate. The narrative examines the political tensions that arose when she began wearing the turban…
Sufi Saints and Sultans: Faith in Medieval Delhi
This episode explores the complex relationship between the military might of the Delhi Sultanate and the spiritual influence of the Chishti Sufi order. We examine how Nizamuddin Auliya, the most revered saint of the era, navigated interactions with powerful rulers like Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The conversation highlights the unique role of Amir Khusrau as a bridge between court and monastery, and discusses how Sufi shrines became centers of social welfare and cultural…
Ala-ud-din Khalji's Slave Army and Market Control
In Episode 233, Lucas and Luna explore the military and economic machinery that made Ala-ud-din Khalji’s Delhi Sultanate so formidable. We look at how he built a standing army of enslaved soldiers, known as ghulam, to bypass the power of rebellious nobles. This centralization allowed him to enforce strict price controls across markets in Siri, managed by officials like the Shahna-i-Mandi. The episode also touches on his brutal suppression of the Mongol invasions and the architectural legacy…
Alauddin Khalji's Slave Corps: The Military Engine of Delhi
While previous episodes have explored the market controls, currency experiments, and architectural marvels of the Delhi Sultanate, this episode shifts focus to the human machinery behind Alauddin Khalji’s rapid expansion. We examine the creation of a standing army of up to 200,000 soldiers, drawn largely from non-aristocratic slaves (ghilman) who owed absolute loyalty only to the Sultan. Lucas and Luna trace how this system neutralized the power of the Turkic nobility, prevented rebellions, and…
The Slave Kings Who Built Delhi
This episode explores the paradoxical origins of the Delhi Sultanate, tracing how a dynasty of slave generals rose from captivity to rule vast stretches of India. We examine Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first Sultan who began the Qutub Minar, and his successor Iltutmish, who consolidated power against Mongol threats and established administrative stability. The narrative highlights the Ghurid conquests, the Battle of Tarain, and the complex social dynamics of the Mamluk class, offering a fresh…
Alauddin Khalji's Price Controls and Market Surveillance
This episode examines the radical economic policies of Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who reigned from 1296 to 1316. Unlike previous episodes that focused on military conquests or architectural marvels like the Qutub Minar, we explore how Alauddin attempted to control the entire economy of Delhi through strict price regulations enforced by the Shahna-i-Mandi officials. We discuss the creation of specialized markets for grain, cloth, and horses, the role of the…
Alauddin Khalji's Market Control and Military Reform
This episode examines the radical economic policies of Alauddin Khalji, who sought to control Delhi’s prices to fund a massive standing army. We explore how his agents, the Shahna-i-Mandi, enforced strict caps on grain, cloth, and livestock, turning the market into a tool of state power. The conversation details the social disruption caused by these measures, the role of merchant guilds in resisting or adapting, and how this experiment shaped the Sultanate’s ability to project military force…
The Tughlaq Dynasty's Lost City: Daulatabad and the Great Relocation
In this episode of The Delhi Sultanate and the Rise of Islamic Rule in India, Lucas and Luna explore one of medieval India’s most bizarre and ambitious administrative experiments: the relocation of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. We examine why Muhammad bin Tughlaq moved his court over a thousand miles south in 1327, a decision that drained the treasury and displaced thousands. Through the eyes of contemporary chroniclers like Ziauddin Barani and Amir Khusrau, we reconstruct the…
Amir Khusrau: The Poet Who Invented Hindustani
While Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq reshaped India’s borders and economy, a quieter revolution was unfolding in the court of Delhi. This episode explores the life of Amir Khusrau, the legendary polymath who served as a poet, musician, and scholar under five different Sultans. He is credited with inventing the sitar, popularizing Qawwali, and creating Khari Boli—the vernacular ancestor to modern Hindi and Urdu. Lucas and Luna trace how Khusrau navigated the complex social hierarchy of…
The Tughlaq Dynasty's Failed Currency Experiment
This episode explores the bizarre and disastrous monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the second ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi. We look at why a scholar-king decided to replace silver with copper coins bearing the sultan’s seal, expecting them to hold equal value. We trace the economic chaos that followed as commoners forged counterfeit money and trade ground to a halt. The narrative then follows the desperate recall of these tokens and the subsequent failure of his capital…
The Tughlaq Experiment: Why Muhammad bin Tughlaq Failed
Most history books dismiss Muhammad bin Tughlaq as a madman, but Episode 225 reveals the intellectual rigor behind his radical policies. We explore his ambitious capital relocation from Delhi to Daulatabad, a logistical nightmare that forced thousands to march south only for him to reverse course years later. Lucas and Luna examine his controversial token currency experiment, where copper coins were declared equal in value to silver tankas, leading to widespread forgery and economic collapse.…
The Mongol Siege That Shattered the Delhi Sultanate
In 1298, a massive Mongol horde swept down from Central Asia and laid siege to Delhi, terrifying the Khalji court. This episode explores the chaotic defense of Siri Fort under Alauddin Khalji, focusing on the role of Malik Kafur and the brutal aftermath that followed. We look at the primary sources like Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi to understand how the sultan responded to the threat. The narrative covers the initial panic in the city, the mobilization of troops, and the eventual…
Malik Kafur: The Slave General Who Conquered South India
While previous episodes touched on Alauddin Khalji’s southern campaigns, this episode focuses on the man who made them possible: Malik Kafur. A slave of Georgian origin, he rose to become the Sultan’s most trusted general and viceroy. We explore his brutal but brilliant raids on Warangal, Devagiri, Madurai, and Rameswaram between 1309 and 1314. Discover how he extracted unprecedented wealth from the Deccan and South, reshaping the economy of Delhi, and why his eventual murder by Khusrau Khan…
Babur's First Victory: The Battle of Panipat Explained
In this episode, we step away from the internal intrigues of the Delhi Sultanate and look outward to Central Asia. We explore how Zahiruddin Babur, a displaced prince with no home, found his way into India through sheer persistence and military innovation. This conversation details the events leading up to the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, focusing on Ibrahim Lodi’s last stand against an army that combined traditional cavalry with early gunpowder technology. You will hear about the tulugma…
The Water of Delhi: How Sultans Shaped a City
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the aqueducts, reservoirs, and wells that made Delhi possible under the Sultanate. From Iltutmish's Hauz-i-Shamsi to Alauddin Khalji's Hauz-i-Alai and Firuz Shah Tughlaq's massive canals, they uncover how water management was both a practical necessity and a symbol of royal power. They discuss the engineering, the funding, the politics, and the human cost of bringing water to a semi-arid plain, drawing on Ibn Battuta's observations and the chronicles of…
The Sultan's Elephant and the Conquest of Muslim India
In this episode of the Delhi Sultanate series, Lucas and Luna explore the role of war elephants in the rise of Islamic rule in India, focusing on a single pivotal moment: the Battle of Ranthambore in 1301. Alauddin Khalji's siege of the formidable Rajput fort hinged on his use of armored elephants, a tactic that shattered the defenders' morale and opened the gates. The conversation traces how elephants—originally a symbol of Indian kingship—were adopted by Turkic invaders, transforming the…
The Sultan's Gardens: Paradise in Medieval Delhi
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna step into the green heart of the Delhi Sultanate – the gardens that sultans built to mirror paradise on earth. From the orchard-lined avenues of Iltutmish to the terraced pleasure grounds of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, we uncover how these gardens were more than just pretty spots for royal picnics. They were political statements, economic engines, and spiritual metaphors. We trace the influence of Persian chahar bagh design, the practical role of water…
The Iron Pillar of Delhi: Rust-Free Wonder
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step away from the sultans and their wars to examine one of Delhi's most enduring mysteries: the Iron Pillar of Delhi. Standing in the Qutub complex, this rust-resistant column has puzzled metallurgists for centuries. How did ancient Indian blacksmiths forge a six-ton iron pillar that refuses to corrode, even after 1600 years of monsoon rains? The hosts trace the pillar's origins to the Gupta Empire, explore the king Chandragupta II and the inscription that ties…
Balban's Bloody Throne: The Sultan Who Made Delhi Fear Him
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into the reign of Ghiyas ud-Din Balban, the slave-soldier who rose to become the most fearsome sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. We explore his brutal consolidation of power, the infamous 'blood and iron' policy, his bloody suppression of the Mewati rebellions, his war on the 'forty' Turkish nobles, and the dramatic story of his son Muhammad's death on the frontier against the Mongols. Along the way, we examine Balban's obsession with Persian court ritual, his…
The Tanka and the Jital: Money in the Delhi Sultanate
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Delhi Sultanate's rulers turned money into a tool of power. From the silver tanka introduced by Iltutmish to the copper jital that paid for everyday goods, they trace how coinage shaped markets, taxes, and even religious policy. Along the way, they discuss Alauddin Khalji's market reforms and the role of the shahna-i-mandi, the Mongol threat that spurred his price controls, and the strange experiment with token currency under Muhammad bin Tughlaq…
The Sultan's Bodyguard: Jalal ad-Din Firuz Khalji's Final Ride
In December 1296, Sultan Jalal ad-Din Firuz Khalji rode out from Delhi to meet his nephew Alauddin at a riverside camp near Kara. He was unarmed, smiling, and convinced of his own magnanimity. Within minutes, he was dead, his head displayed on a spear. This episode reconstructs that afternoon through the court chronicles of Ziauddin Barani and the poetry of Amir Khusrau, untangling the ambition, paranoia, and political theatre that made the murder possible. We examine Alauddin's calculated…
The Khalji Mint: Price Controls and the Birth of a Market Economy
When Alauddin Khalji took the throne in 1296, he inherited a Delhi Sultanate in flux — and a treasury that couldn't keep pace with his ambitions. His answer was a radical economic experiment: fixed prices for everything, a state-run grain market, and a mint that churned out silver tankas like never before. This episode digs into the mechanics of Alauddin's market reforms — the Shahna-i-Mandi who oversaw the markets, the tolls and taxes that funded his armies, and the coins that paid for his…
The Last Sultan: Ibrahim Lodi and the Fall of Delhi
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Delhi Sultanate through the lens of Ibrahim Lodi, the last sultan of the Lodi dynasty. From his costly military reforms to his disastrous relations with nobles like Daulat Khan Lodi, Ibrahim's reign set the stage for Babur's invasion. The conversation covers the Battle of Panipat in 1526, where gunpowder and tactical brilliance shattered the sultanate's army, and looks at the fragmentation of regional powers that made the empire…
The Water Works of Delhi: Sultans, Wells, and Canals
Water shaped the Delhi Sultanate as much as any conqueror. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the rivers, wells, and canals that kept the city alive, from the Yamuna's floodplains to the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir built by Iltutmish. They follow Alauddin Khalji's massive Hauz-i-Alai, later known as Hauz Khas, which stored monsoon rains and fed the city for centuries. Firuz Shah Tughlaq went further, cutting a canal from the Yamuna to his new city of Firozabad, a feat of medieval engineering.…
The Lodi Garden Tomb and the Last Sultan of Delhi
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the life and death of Sikandar Lodi, the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, whose tomb in Delhi's Lodi Garden is a serene monument to the end of the Delhi Sultanate. They discuss his rise to power, his rivalry with his brother Barbak Shah, his administrative reforms, and the controversial destruction of Hindu temples. The conversation also touches on his patronage of Persian and Hindavi poetry, his physician's account, and the succession crisis that led to…
The Qutub Minar's Lost Hindu Past: A Temple in Ruins
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the fascinating and contested history of the Qutub Minar complex in Delhi. They uncover the layers beneath the iconic tower, revealing the remains of a Sanskrit pillar from the Gupta era and the reused Hindu and Jain temple pillars that were repurposed to build the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. They discuss the legend of Prithviraj Chauhan and his daughter's love for the Ghurid invader, the inscription on the Iron Pillar that bears his name…
The Hazar Dinari: The Slave Who Became a General
In this episode of the Delhi Sultanate series, Lucas and Luna explore the remarkable career of Malik Kafur, a eunuch slave who rose from the ranks of Alauddin Khalji's army to become one of the most powerful generals in Indian history. They trace his journey from a captured soldier in the Gujarat campaign to his pivotal role in the conquests of Warangal, Devagiri, and the Pandya kingdom in the far south. Along the way, they examine the institution of slavery in the Sultanate, the complex ties…
The Khalji Mint: Money, Markets, and Market Control
In this episode of The Delhi Sultanate and the Rise of Islamic Rule in India, Lucas and Luna explore Alauddin Khalji's radical economic reforms, focusing on his controversial price control system and the creation of a state-run mint. They discuss how Alauddin fixed prices for everything from grain to horses, established the Diwan-i-Riyasat and the Shahna-i-Mandi to enforce his rules, and introduced a new currency based on the silver tanka and copper jital. The episode examines the impact on…
The Raid on Devagiri: Alauddin's Gamble That Reshaped India
In 1296, a young prince named Alauddin Khalji rode south from Delhi with a small band of loyalists on a secret mission that would change the course of Indian history. His target: the wealthy Yadava kingdom of Devagiri, ruled by the aging King Ramachandra. With the permission of his uncle, Sultan Jalaluddin, Alauddin launched a daring raid that not only plundered immense treasure — gold, jewels, and elephants — but also revealed the vulnerability of the Deccan to northern ambitions. This episode…
The Ghurid Conquest of Delhi and the Birth of a Sultanate
Before the Delhi Sultanate, there were the Ghurids. This episode traces the unlikely rise of the Shansabani dynasty from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the throne of Delhi. We follow the brothers Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad and Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad — better known as Muhammad of Ghor — as they dismantle the Ghaznavid legacy, absorb the Punjab, and then smash through the Rajput confederacies at the battles of Tarain. Lucas and Luna unpack the famous clash with Prithviraj Chauhan, the role…
The Ear of the Sultan: Spies, Parrots, and Patronage
This episode of the Fexingo History podcast peels back the sandstone walls of the Delhi Sultanate to examine the invisible machine that held it together: intelligence and surveillance. From the bustling markets of Siri to the marble courts of the Red Fort, we trace how sultans from Iltutmish to Alauddin Khalji deployed spies, informants, and even trained parrots to keep their fingers on the pulse of a sprawling empire. Lucas and Luna explore the practical workings of the barid (intelligence…
Jalaluddin and the Khalji Coup That Reshaped Delhi
In 1290, the Delhi Sultanate's slave dynasty collapsed not on a battlefield but in a coup that ended two centuries of Mamluk rule. This episode follows Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, the elderly Afghan general who seized the throne, and his uneasy reign that set the stage for the Khalji revolution. We trace his rise from a frontier warrior to Sultan, his cautious and forgiving style of rule, and the fatal trust he placed in his nephew, Alauddin, who would return from a raid on Devagiri with treasure…
The Doab Tax Revolt That Toppled a Sultan
In 1326, Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq doubled the tax burden on the rich agricultural region between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, sparking a rebellion that would unravel his authority across the Delhi Sultanate. This episode digs into the mechanics of the doab's sophisticated irrigation system — its wells, canals, and flood-dependent kharif crops — and explains why a revenue experiment there could bring the empire to its knees. Through the eyes of chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Ibn Battuta, we…
The Doab Tax Revolt That Toppled a Sultan
In 1329, Muhammad bin Tughlaq doubled the land tax in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, sparking a rebellion that would unravel his empire. This episode follows the revolt of the farming communities between the rivers—how their refusal to pay broke the Sultanate's fiscal back, forced a brutal crackdown, and exposed the limits of centralized control. We trace the doab's crucial role as the Sultanate's breadbasket, the specific tax hikes recorded in Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, and the…
The Rise of the Khalji Dynasty: Alauddin's Reforms
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the explosive rise of the Khalji dynasty, the first real break from the slave dynasty that founded the Delhi Sultanate. They focus on Alauddin Khalji, the ambitious sultan who seized the throne in 1296 and then reinvented the state. We walk through his dramatic murder of his uncle, his conquests of Gujarat, Ranthambore, and Chittor, and his desperate defense against the Mongol invasions. But the heart of the episode is Alauddin's radical administrative…
Inside the Delhi Sultanate's Slave Army
For 200 episodes, we've traced the Delhi Sultanate from its founding under Qutb-ud-din Aibak to its final days under the Lodis. Today we step back to look at the institution that made it all possible: the mamluk system. Lucas and Luna explore how enslaved Turks became generals, governors, and even sultans, and how this pipeline of talent shaped the political culture of north India for three centuries. We meet Balban, who rose from a slave bodyguard to become the most autocratic sultan of the…
The Delhi Sultanate's Slave Generals: From Captives to Kings
Before the Mamluks of Egypt, before the Ottoman devshirme, the Delhi Sultanate built its power on slavery—military slavery, to be precise. This episode of Fexingo History follows the arc of the mamluk system that brought Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, and Balban to the throne of Delhi. We trace how Central Asian Turks were captured, converted, trained in the arts of war and governance, and then manumitted to become generals, governors, and even sultans. Along the way, we examine the lives of…
The Forty Slaves: Iltutmish's Elite Corps That Shaped the Delhi Sultanate
In this episode, we dive into the inner circle of the Delhi Sultanate—the Chihalgani, or the Forty Slaves—an elite corps of Turkish mamluks handpicked by Sultan Iltutmish. Who were these men, and how did they become the power behind the throne? We explore their origins, their military and administrative roles, and the fierce rivalries that followed Iltutmish's death. Through the eyes of chroniclers like Minhaj-i-Siraj and Ziauddin Barani, we see how this close-knit group of slave-officers…
The Adab of Empire: Persian Letters in the Delhi Sultanate
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the world of Persian literary culture under the Delhi Sultanate, focusing on the rise of epistolography and the secretarial arts. They discuss how the Persian language became the administrative and cultural lingua franca of northern India, the importance of the insha tradition in composing royal correspondence and diplomatic letters, and the role of the dabir or secretary in shaping statecraft. The conversation highlights key figures like Minhaj-i-Siraj…
The Qutub Minar: Tower of Victory and Its Silent Stories
In Episode 196 of The Delhi Sultanate, hosts Lucas and Luna climb the Qutub Minar — not just as a monument, but as a layered historical document. Built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1192 to mark the Ghurid victory over Prithviraj Chauhan, the minaret was completed by his successors Iltutmish and Firuz Shah Tughlaq. The episode unpacks the tower's architectural evolution, its red sandstone and marble bands, the inscriptions in Arabic and Devanagari that reveal later repairs, and the controversial…
Women of the Delhi Sultanate: Power Beyond the Harem
In this episode of Fexingo History, we explore the lives of women in the Delhi Sultanate, a world often hidden behind the veil. From Shah Turkan, the slave-girl who ruled for months, to Makhduma-i-Jahan, the mother of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, we uncover the political influence of queens and mothers who shaped succession and policy. We meet Bibi Matloob, who convinced Sikandar Lodi to move his capital to Agra, and Zaynab, a hadith scholar teaching in Delhi's Great Mosque. We look at women as…
The Tughlaq Mint: Money, Rebellion, and the Fall of a Sultanate
In 1944, the Delhi Sultanate was breaking apart. Muhammad bin Tughlaq had died, his ambitious schemes in ruins, and the empire he inherited was bleeding territory and treasure. But amid the chaos, one institution held the key to survival: the royal mint. This episode follows the strange career of the Tughlaq tanka — the silver coin that funded armies, paid off Mongols, and became a tool of political control. We trace how Muhammad bin Tughlaq's experiment with token currency backfired…
The Iron Pillar of Delhi: A Metallurgical Marvel
In this episode of The Delhi Sultanate and the Rise of Islamic Rule in India, Lucas and Luna explore the mysterious Iron Pillar of Delhi, a rust-resistant column that has stood for over 1,600 years. They trace its origins from the Gupta Empire, examine the Sanskrit inscription dedicated to King Chandra, and discuss the advanced metallurgical techniques that made it possible. The conversation also covers the pillar's move to its current location in the Qutub complex, its role in medieval legends…
The Horse and the Crown: Delhi Sultanate's Cavalry Economy
In this episode of Fexingo's Delhi Sultanate series, Lucas and Luna ride into the heart of medieval India's military and economic machine: the trade that fueled the sultanate's armies. From the Central Asian steppes to the markets of Delhi, the episode tracks how horses—imported through routes like Peshawar and the Khyber Pass—became the sinews of power for sultans like Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Lucas unpacks the complexities of the iqta system, where land grants were only as…
The Siege of Chittorgarh 1303 Legend Versus History
In 1303, Alauddin Khalji marched against the mighty fort of Chittorgarh, capital of the Guhila kingdom of Mewar. The siege that followed has become the stuff of legend — the tale of Rani Padmini, the queen who chose jauhar rather than fall into the sultan's hands. But what actually happened? In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the historical evidence for the siege, the earliest sources that mention it, and the later literary traditions — from Malik Muhammad Jayasi's epic Padmavat to James…
The Forty Slaves: Iltutmish's Elite Corps That Shaped the Delhi Sultanate
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Chihalgani, the legendary corps of forty royal slaves created by Sultan Iltutmish to stabilize his nascent sultanate. Unlike hereditary nobles, these mamluks owed absolute loyalty to the throne, rising to become governors, generals, and even sultans themselves. We trace the corps from its origins under Iltutmish, through its heyday when it dominated court and military, to its eventual disintegration under Balban, who feared its power. Along the way…
Iltutmish The Sultan Who Built the Delhi Sultanate
In this episode, we explore the life and reign of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, the slave-turned-sultan who transformed the Delhi Sultanate from a fragile Ghurid outpost into a stable, independent Muslim kingdom in northern India. We follow Iltutmish's journey from a Turkish slave purchased by Qutb-ud-din Aibak to the ruler who crushed rival claimants like Taj-ud-din Yildiz and Nasir-ud-din Qabacha, secured Delhi against Mongol pressure, and introduced the silver tanka — the coin that would set the…
Firuz Shah Tughlaq: The Builder Sultan Who Shaped Delhi
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty who ascended the throne in 1351 after the death of his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Known as the 'builder sultan,' Firuz Shah left a lasting architectural legacy including the city of Firuzabad, the Firuz Shah Kotla fortress, and extensive canal networks. But his reign also marked a return to orthodox Islam, with the destruction of temples like the Jwalamukhi temple in Kangra, and a…
Showing the latest 50 episodes. The full archive of 237 is on Apple Podcasts, Spotify and every major podcast app — or via the RSS feed above.