Episodes
Montezuma's Silent Court: The Politics of the Huey Tlatoani
While popular history focuses on the swords and steel of the Spanish conquest, Episode 231 explores the intricate political machinery that ruled Tenochtitlan long before Hernán Cortés arrived. We examine the role of the cihuacoatl, the second-in-command who managed the empire’s domestic affairs while the huey tlatoani handled war and religion. This episode delves into how Montezuma II navigated a fragile alliance with Tlaxcala, the economic power of the pochteca merchants, and the bureaucratic…
Montezuma's Religious Crisis: The Plague of Smallpox
In this episode, we explore the terrifying arrival of smallpox in Tenochtitlan in early 1520, a biological catastrophe that reshaped the Aztec worldview. We examine how Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin and the tlamacazqui priests interpreted the disease not as a pathogen, but as divine punishment from Tezcatlipoca for the emperor’s hesitation. We look at primary accounts from Bernal Díaz del Castillo regarding the symptoms—fevers, pustules, and blindness—that decimated the population. We also discuss the…
Montezuma's Last Stand: The Siege of Tenochtitlan
We revisit the final, brutal months of the siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, focusing on the desperate resistance led by Cuauhtémoc after Montezuma’s death. While earlier episodes covered the initial arrival and political maneuvering, this episode examines the military reality of the lake city’s fall. We explore how the Aztec navy, though fragmented, attempted to break the Spanish supply lines using canoes filled with obsidian blades. We also look at the humanitarian crisis inside the city, where…
The Aztec Merchant Class and the Siege Economy
Before the Spanish arrived, the Aztec Empire was held together by a complex web of trade routes controlled by the pochteca, or long-distance merchants. This episode explores how these elite traders functioned as both economic engines and imperial spies, carrying intelligence from Cempoala to Tenochtitlan while moving cacao and quetzal feathers across Mesoamerica. We look at the specific logistical challenges of keeping the capital fed during the siege of 1521, when Cortés blocked the causeways…
The Aztec Priesthood's Shadow Power Over Montezuma
Montezuma II ruled Tenochtitlan as the Huey Tlatoani, but his authority was constantly checked by the temple elite and the complex web of religious obligations that defined Mexica life. This episode explores the role of the tlamacazqui, the high priests who interpreted omens, directed rituals, and often held more sway over imperial policy than the emperor himself. We examine how the priesthood’s insistence on maintaining the cosmic balance through sacrifice created a rigid political structure…
Montezuma's Final Hour: The Capture and Death of Cuauhtémoc
This episode moves past the siege itself to focus on the tragic end of Montezuma II’s successor, Cuauhtémoc. We explore how the last Aztec emperor navigated the chaos of Tenochtitlan’s fall, his desperate attempt to flee across Lake Texcoco with his family and treasury, and his subsequent capture by Spanish forces. Lucas details the specific moments of betrayal that led to his imprisonment in the Yucatan, while Luna helps unpack the political maneuvering between Cortés, Pedro de Alvarado, and…
Montezuma II: The Aztec Emperor's Final Days
In this episode of the Fexingo History podcast, we move beyond the omens and the initial encounter to examine the critical weeks when Montezuma II transitioned from a sovereign ruler to a captive in his own palace. While earlier episodes explored the spiritual weight of the quetzal feather headdress and the political maneuvering with Tlaxcala, here we focus on the immediate aftermath of Cortés’s arrival in Tenochtitlan. We look at how the Spanish demand for gold triggered a crisis of legitimacy…
Montezuma's Lost Fleet: The Aztec Navy That Never Was
We often picture the fall of Tenochtitlan as a story of land battles and siege warfare, but the Spanish conquest was equally defined by control of Lake Texcoco. In this episode, we explore why Montezuma II, despite commanding one of the most populous cities in the world, failed to develop a navy capable of challenging Hernán Cortés. We look at the cultural and religious constraints that kept the Mexica focused on ritual combat rather than total war, the pivotal role of the Tlaxcalan canoeists…
Montezuma's Last Stand: The Siege of Tenochtitlan
By June 1520, the Spanish had fled Tenochtitlan in what they called La Noche Triste, but the war was far from over. This episode traces the brutal eight-month siege that followed, led by Hernán Cortés and his Tlaxcalan allies against the Mexica capital. We explore how Cuitláhuac, Montezuma’s brother and successor, organized a desperate defense while smallpox ravaged the population. You will hear about the construction of brigantines on Lake Texcoco, the starvation tactics employed by the…
Montezuma's Final Stand: Cuauhtemoc's Last Hours
This episode shifts focus from Montezuma II to his successor, Cuauhtémoc, who inherited a crumbling empire during the final days of the Siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521. While earlier episodes explored Montezuma’s diplomacy and captivity, we examine Cuauhtémoc’s desperate military strategy, his failed attempt to break the Spanish encirclement by night, and the tragic fall of the city. We discuss the role of Tlaxcalan allies, the destruction of the chinampas, and Cuauhtémoc’s subsequent torture and…
Montezuma's Treasury: The Gold That Bought an Empire
While earlier episodes explored the political maneuvering, spiritual omens, and military conflicts surrounding Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, this episode turns its gaze to the material foundation of his power: the imperial treasury. We examine how the Aztec economy functioned not through coinage, but through tribute extracted from conquered provinces. Lucas walks us through the role of the pochteca merchant-espions who managed long-distance trade networks, bringing cacao, jade, and feathers into…
Montezuma's Broken Siege: The Water War of Tenochtitlan
While we have covered Montezuma’s omens, his diplomacy with Tlaxcala, and the initial shock of the Spanish arrival, there is a critical turning point that often gets overshadowed by the drama of the capture. This episode focuses on the siege of Tenochtitlan, specifically the engineering and military strategy employed by Hernán Cortés to break the Aztec capital’s lifeline. We look at how the Spanish constructed brigantine galleys in the dry docks of Tlaxcala, floated them across Lake Texcoco…
The Tlaxcalan Alliance That Broke the Aztec Empire
For decades, Tlaxcala stood as the only independent nation surrounded by the Aztec Triple Alliance. While Montezuma II sent armies to subdue them, these campaigns often ended in stalemates or mutual respect rather than total conquest. This episode explores the diplomatic breakthrough of 1519, when Xicotencatl the Younger convinced his council to ally with Hernán Cortés. We examine how this decision shifted the balance of power in Mesoamerica, leading to the siege of Tenochtitlan and the…
Montezuma's Broken Siege: The Water War of Tenochtitlan
While earlier episodes covered the initial encounter and the political intrigue surrounding Montezuma, this episode examines the brutal military reality that sealed the Aztec Empire’s fate: the siege of Tenochtitlan. We focus on a specific, often overlooked strategy employed by Hernán Cortés and his Tlaxcalan allies—the systematic cutting off of the city’s freshwater supply via the aqueducts at Chapultepec. This tactical move turned the capital’s greatest strength into its fatal weakness. We…
Montezuma's Broken Treaty: The Cholula Massacre
In 1519, Hernán Cortés and his men marched into Cholula, a sacred city of the Nahua peoples that was supposed to be under the protection of Montezuma II. Instead of a warm welcome, they faced a massacre that would shatter any remaining trust between the Mexica empire and its subject states. This episode explores the complex diplomatic failure behind the event, examining how Cortés manipulated local rivalries with Tlaxcala and exploited the religious significance of Cholula to strike first. We…
Montezuma's Diplomacy: The Uneasy Alliance with Tlaxcala
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore Montezuma II's complex diplomatic maneuvering with the Tlaxcalan confederacy, the fiercely independent state that would become the Spanish conquistadors' crucial ally. They discuss the decades of 'flower wars' (xochiyaoyotl) that maintained a steady flow of sacrificial captives, the strategic decisions that kept Tlaxcala unconquered, and the fragile neutrality that Montezuma tried to preserve as Cortés approached. Drawing on accounts…
Montezuma's Captains: The Military Elite of Tenochtitlan
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the warrior nobility that surrounded Montezuma II. We meet the cuauhtlatoani and tlacateccatl, the highest military commanders who led the Mexica army into battle. We discuss the eagle and jaguar knights, the cuauhtli and ocelotl, who fought with obsidian-edged maquahuitl and feathered shields. We follow the career of a young noble from the calmecac school to his first captive, a prerequisite for rising in rank. We also hear about the legendary commander…
Montezuma's Dream: The Night Sky That Doomed an Empire
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the celestial world of Montezuma II, the huey tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. They dive into how the Mexica read the heavens—tracking Venus, eclipses, and the Pleiades—and how a comet in 1517 sent Montezuma into a spiral of dread. Drawing on the Florentine Codex and the words of Bernal Díaz del Castillo, they piece together the omen that shook the empire, the role of the tonalpohualli in daily life, and how astronomers like the…
Montezuma's Zoo: The Emperor's Private Menagerie
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the sprawling royal menagerie of Montezuma II at Tenochtitlan. They discuss the aviary that housed quetzals and eagles, the reptile house with crocodiles and snakes, the feline collection of jaguars and pumas, and the enigmatic 'monsters' — perhaps a maneless lion or an axolotl. They examine how the zoo functioned as a display of imperial power, with hundreds of attendants and daily feedings of turkeys and dogs. The conversation touches…
Montezuma's Last Ambassadors: The Pochteca Traders
Long before Cortés reached Tenochtitlan, Montezuma's empire ran on the quiet intelligence of the pochteca — the long-distance traders who doubled as spies. This episode follows their perilous caravans across Mesoamerica, from the Gulf Coast to the highlands of Guatemala, carrying quetzal feathers, cacao, and obsidian, while mapping the land and reporting back to the huey tlatoani. We look at how their trade routes prepared the Mexica for expansion, how they operated in disguise and undercover…
The Aztec Legal System: When Justice Was Swift
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the sophisticated legal system of the Aztec Empire, focusing on the reign of Montezuma II. They discuss how justice was administered in Tenochtitlan through a network of courts, from local judges to the supreme court of the huey tlatoani himself. Learn about the tlacuilos who recorded laws in pictographic codices, the severe punishments for theft, corruption, and drunkenness among nobles, and the surprisingly modern appeal process. The…
Montezuma's Captivity: The Emperor as Hostage in His Own Palace
This episode zeroes in on the strangest chapter of the Spanish conquest: how Hernán Cortés and a few hundred men managed to hold the Huey Tlatoani Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin prisoner inside his own palace in Tenochtitlan. We trace the chain of events from the initial 'friendly' detention to the emperor's fatal appearance on the rooftop, and the conflicting accounts that followed. Was Motecuhzoma a passive victim of fate, a savvy politician trying to manage an impossible situation, or something in…
Montezuma's Omens: The Emperor Who Saw the End
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the omens that, according to the Florentine Codex, preceded the Spanish arrival in Mexico. Ten years before Cortés landed, Montezuma II reportedly witnessed eight portents: a fiery comet, a temple that burned without cause, a water tower destroyed by lightning, a pillar of fire at midnight, a lake that boiled, a woman weeping in the night, a bird with a mirror in its head, and two-headed men. The hosts separate the historical record…
Montezuma's Feast: Aztec Cuisine at the Emperor's Table
In this episode of Fexingo History, we sit down at Montezuma's table to explore the extraordinary food culture of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. Lucas and Luna dig into the emperor's daily meals—from steaming tamales and rich cacao beverages to the infamous xoloitzcuintli dogs and the ritual consumption of human flesh. Along the way, they uncover the complex web of tribute, trade, and social hierarchy that determined who ate what, and how food was deeply tied to Aztec cosmology. We hear about…
Montezuma's Faith: Omens, Prophecies, and the Aztec Mind
Montezuma II saw signs everywhere: comets, burning temples, mysterious birds, and a mirror that seemed to show strange horsemen. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Aztec emperor's religious worldview shaped his response to the Spanish arrival. They discuss the omens recorded in the Florentine Codex, the prophecy of Quetzalcoatl's return, and Montezuma's attempts to divine the future through the Tonalpohualli, the 260-day sacred calendar. They examine the role of the tlamacazqui…
Montezuma's Huitzilopochtli: The War God Who Guided an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the central role of Huitzilopochtli in the Aztec Empire, focusing on how Montezuma II's devotion to the war god shaped his decisions, from the Templo Mayor to the omen-filled years before Cortés. They discuss the god's mythical birth, his role as the patron of the Mexica, the annual Toxcatl festival, and the human sacrifices that were both a religious duty and a political tool. The conversation touches on the famous eagle-and-cactus founding myth of…
Montezuma's Obsidian Mirror: The Emperor's Darkest Omen
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the story of Montezuma II's obsidian mirror — the tezcatl he consulted as omens of doom gathered around Tenochtitlan. They trace the mirror's origins to the god Tezcatlipoca, its role in Mexica divination, and the fateful prophecies that supposedly foretold the arrival of Cortés. The conversation examines how the mirror was used by the emperor's seers, what it revealed about Mexica cosmology, and how the Spanish later looted it — before it vanished from…
Montezuma's Birthday: The Aztec New Fire Ceremony
Every 52 years, the Aztec world held its breath. As the sun set on the last day of a calendar round, the Mexica extinguished every fire in the empire, smashed their pottery, and climbed to the Hill of the Star to watch for the Pleiades. If the stars kept moving, the universe would be reborn — and if they didn't, the world would end. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the New Fire Ceremony, the most dramatic ritual in Montezuma's reign. They unpack the two calendars that made this moment so…
Montezuma's Spies: The Eyes and Ears of Tenochtitlan
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the shadowy world of Aztec espionage. Montezuma II's empire was a vast tribute network, but its glue was information. We follow the quimichtin, the 'mice' — the emperor's spies who moved through marketplaces, border towns, and even enemy courts, feeding Tenochtitlan a constant stream of intelligence. Discover how a network of lookouts on hilltops signaled the arrival of Cortés with smoke and drums, long before the Spaniards ever saw the…
Montezuma's War Captives: Sacrifice and State
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the world of Aztec warfare through the lens of Montezuma II's war captives. They discuss the Flower Wars, the role of sacrifice in Mexica religion, and the grim fate of prisoners taken in battle. From the gladiatorial sacrifice of the tlacaxipehualiztli ceremony to the stories of captive warriors like Tzilacatzin, we uncover how the Aztec Empire's need for sacrificial victims shaped its military strategy and ultimately contributed to…
Montezuma's Last Stand: The Death of an Emperor
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the final days of Montezuma II, focusing on the controversial circumstances of his death in 1520. Was he killed by his own people, stoned while addressing the crowd, or murdered by the Spanish? Drawing on the Florentine Codex, Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History, and later accounts by Andrés de Tapia and Francisco de Aguilar, they piece together the conflicting evidence. The episode also examines the political chaos that followed…
Montezuma's Messengers: The Emperor's Swift Runners
In episode 200 of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the astonishing courier system of the Aztec Empire — the paynani — that carried news, tribute, and orders across hundreds of miles in mere days. They trace a single message from Tenochtitlan to the Gulf Coast, meet the professional runners of the empire, and uncover how this network shaped Montezuma's response to Cortés's landing. Along the way, they discuss the ingenious relay stations, the use of pictographic records, and the tragic…
Montezuma's Palace: Inside the Emperor's Lost Home
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna step into the private world of Montezuma II through the ruins of his palace in Tenochtitlan. They reconstruct the daily rhythm of the huey tlatoani — from the courtyards where nobles waited for audiences, to the kitchens that fed hundreds, to the rooftop gardens overlooking Lake Texcoco. Along the way, they trace how the palace became a fortress during the Spanish siege, and how its stones were later recycled to build Mexico City. Drawing on…
Montezuma's Tax System: The Tribute That Built an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the intricate tribute system that underpinned the Aztec Empire, focusing on the reign of Montezuma II. They trace how the huey tlatoani's ambitious expansion and monumental building projects demanded ever more tribute from conquered provinces. The conversation unpacks the practical machinery of taxation: the meticulous records kept in codices, the calpixque who oversaw collection, and the staggering flows of goods—from cacao and cotton to quetzal feathers…
Moctezuma's Bodyguard: Shield of the Huey Tlatoani
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the inner sanctum of Aztec power: the bodyguard of Moctezuma II. More than mere protectors, these elite warriors were the emperor's shadow, his counsel, and his kin. Through the chronicles of Bernal Díaz del Castillo and indigenous accounts, we learn how the bodyguard anticipated Cortés's arrival, how they died in the Toxcatl massacre, and how their loyalty fractured as the empire crumbled. Discover the daily routines, the weaponry, the…
Montezuma's Gold: The Disappearing Treasure of Tenochtitlan
When Hernán Cortés and his men finally entered Tenochtitlan in November 1519, they were led to a secret chamber in the palace of Montezuma II — a room filled with gold, jewels, and elaborate featherwork beyond anything they had ever seen. The Spanish melted most of it into bars, but a portion vanished in the chaos of the Noche Triste, and some pieces were later sent to Charles V in Spain. This episode follows the trail of Montezuma's treasure: what the conquistadors seized, what they looted…
Montezuma's Canoe: The Floating Gardens of Tenochtitlan
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the chinampas — the ingenious floating gardens that fed Tenochtitlan and made the Aztec capital one of the largest cities in the world. They explore how these artificial islands were built, who worked them, and how they sustained a population of over 200,000. Learn about the role of the chinampa farmers, the crops they grew, the canals that crisscrossed the lake, and the environmental engineering that still inspires urban farming today. Discover the…
Montezuma's Lost Library: The Burning of Aztec Archives
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the massive destruction of Aztec codices and pictorial manuscripts during the Spanish conquest of Mexico. They focus on the tragic burning of Tenochtitlan's royal archives, the role of fray Juan de Zumárraga and the auto-da-fé of 1530, and the efforts of Bernardino de Sahagún to preserve Nahua knowledge. The conversation uncovers what was lost—calendars, tribute records, genealogies, and sacred histories—and what survived in the Codex…
Montezuma's Golden Crown: The Featherwork He Never Wore
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the famous featherwork headdress known as the Penacho of Montezuma — a stunning quetzal-and-gold creation now in Vienna's Weltmuseum. Was it really his? They trace its journey from Tenochtitlan to Europe, examine what the feathers and gold tell us about Mexica craft and trade, and dig into the fierce debate over whether this object is a genuine imperial treasure or a colonial-era invention. Along the way, they look at the broader world of amanteca feather…
Montezuma's Zoo: The Emperor's Menagerie of Wonder
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the remarkable menagerie of Montezuma II, the last great Huey Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. Discover the aviary at Chapultepec, the palace zoo that housed jaguars, pumas, eagles, and the mysterious axolotl, and the dedicated keepers who cared for hundreds of species. Learn how Bernal Díaz del Castillo described the zoo's terrifying roar that echoed at midnight, and how the collection was both a display of imperial power and a window into…
Montezuma's Mistress: The Women Who Shaped an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna turn away from the battlefields and tribute rolls to the women who moved through Montezuma's world: his wives, daughters, and the noblewomen who shaped dynastic alliances. They explore the role of the cihuapilli, the women of the pipiltin class, and the political marriages that bound Tenochtitlan to its subject cities. They follow the lives of Montezuma's daughters — Tecuichpo, who became Doña Isabel Moctezuma after the conquest, and her sister doña Marina — as…
Montezuma's Templo Mayor: The Sacred Heart of Tenochtitlan
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Templo Mayor, the towering pyramid at the center of Tenochtitlan that was both a religious sanctuary and a symbol of Mexica power. They discuss its construction, the dual shrines to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the role of human sacrifice, and how the Spanish dismantled it after the conquest. The episode also touches on the recent archaeological discoveries beneath Mexico City's Zócalo, including the Coyolxauhqui stone, and what they reveal about the…
The Missing Heir: Montezuma's Son and the Fall
After the fall of Tenochtitlan, the Spanish executed the last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, and installed a line of puppet rulers. But what happened to Montezuma II's own sons? In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the fates of don Pedro Moctezuma, don Martín Cortés Moctezuma, and their half-brother don Luis de Hija, following them from the chaos of the conquest to the courts of Spain, where they fought for titles, pensions, and the right to be called lords of a vanished empire. Through wills…
The Siege of Tenochtitlan: The 75-Day Battle That Ended an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna delve into the final, brutal 75-day siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, a campaign that marked the end of the Aztec Empire. They explore the strategic decisions of Hernán Cortés, the resilience of the Mexica under Cuitláhuac and later Cuauhtémoc, the devastating impact of smallpox, and the critical role of indigenous allies like the Tlaxcalans. The conversation also examines the engineering of the causeways and the use of brigantines on Lake Texcoco, the desperate…
Montezuma's Feast: The Emperor's Table and the Courtly Art of Aztec Dining
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna sit down at Montezuma II's table. We explore the lavish daily feasts of the huey tlatoani, from the steaming chocolate and maize-dough delicacies to the intricate etiquette that governed who ate what, when, and where. Through the eyes of Bernal Díaz del Castillo, whose chronicles bring the royal palace kitchens to life, we reconstruct a world where food was power, hospitality was politics, and every dish carried meaning. We meet the tlatoani's…
Montezuma II's Maya Envoys: The Aztec Empire's Failed Alliance
Long before the Spanish arrived, Montezuma II tried to secure his southern border. This episode follows the emperor's envoys to the Maya kingdoms of Yucatán — the gold, the gifts, the diplomacy, and the crushing failure. We trace the route from Tenochtitlan to Potonchan and Chetumal, the 1511 shipwreck of Valdivia, and how Montezuma's attempts to buy loyalty backfired when the Maya chose war. Lucas and Luna explore the cacao trade, the Pocteca's espionage, and the complicated legacy of a ruler…
Montezuma II and the Quetzalcoatl Legend
Did Montezuma II really believe Hernán Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl returned? In this episode, Lucas and Luna separate fact from fiction, exploring the origins of the Quetzalcoatl myth in Toltec history, its revival under the Mexica, and the political calculations behind Montezuma's famous gifts and hesitation. Drawing on the Florentine Codex, Bernardino de Sahagún, and recent scholarship, they examine how the story of a returning god was used by both Spanish conquistadors and later Nahua…
Montezuma II: The Emperor as High Priest
Episode 184 of our Montezuma II series explores the emperor's role as a priest-king, a dimension of his rule often overshadowed by the Spanish conquest. We delve into how Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, as huey tlatoani, also served as the supreme religious authority, personally overseeing rituals at the Templo Mayor and reforming the state cult to centralize power. We discuss his involvement in the Toxcatl festival, his relationship with the priesthood (tlamacazque), and how he interpreted…
Montezuma's Toxcatl Massacre: The Festival That Broke Tenochtitlan
In May 1520, while Hernán Cortés was away from Tenochtitlan, his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado ordered a massacre of unarmed Aztec nobles during the sacred Toxcatl festival dedicated to Tezcatlipoca. This episode explores the ritual significance of Toxcatl, the year-long preparation of the teixiptla or god impersonator, and the political tensions that led to the violence. Drawing on the Florentine Codex and Bernal Díaz del Castillo's account, we examine conflicting theories: was Alvarado acting…
Montezuma II's Diplomats: The Network of Aztec Statecraft
Before the Spanish brought war, Montezuma II ruled a sprawling empire through a sophisticated network of diplomats, tribute collectors, and allied rulers. In this episode, we explore the calpixque who managed tribute from over 350 provinces, the pochteca traders who served as eyes and ears, and the tlatoani of tributary city-states like Texcoco and Tlacopan. Drawing from the Florentine Codex and the Codex Mendoza, we reconstruct how the huey tlatoani maintained control without a massive…
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