Episodes
Pizarro's Andean Betrayal: The Cañari Mercenaries
We often focus on the Spanish conquistadors as the sole architects of the Inca Empire's fall, but this episode shifts the lens to the indigenous allies who made Pizarro’s victory possible. We explore the complex relationship between the Cañari people and the Incas, a history of resistance that predated the Spanish arrival. By examining the Battle of Maraymarca and the role of leaders like Quilicanta, we uncover how local grievances were leveraged by Francisco Pizarro to dismantle Tawantinsuyu…
Pizarro's Inca Decapitation: The Ritual of Death
In this episode, we look past the battlefields and the gold ransom to examine the specific moment Francisco Pizarro ordered the execution of Atahualpa. We explore how the Spanish used Andean ritual structures against the Sapa Inca, forcing a public confession to legitimize their conquest. Through the eyes of chroniclers like Pedro Cieza de León and Juan de Betanzos, we reconstruct the final days in Cajamarca, focusing on the psychological warfare employed by Vicente de Valverde and the…
Pizarro's Andean Army: The Forgotten Foot Soldiers
We often fixate on Francisco Pizarro, Atahualpa, and the dramatic capture in Cajamarca, but the true story of the conquest lies in the mud, blood, and discipline of the Spanish foot soldiers themselves. This episode moves away from the Inca perspective to examine the European mercenaries who formed the backbone of Pizarro’s force. We explore their origins—mostly impoverished nobles and desperate veterans from Spain and Italy—and the brutal legal contracts known as capitulations that bound them…
The Inca Tithe: How Pizarro Stole the Mit'a System
After conquering the Andes, Francisco Pizarro and his men faced a daunting logistical reality: how to govern an empire they didn't understand while extracting wealth from mountains that defied Spanish engineering. Rather than dismantling the Inca state’s sophisticated administrative machinery, the conquistadors chose to hijack it. This episode explores the brutal adaptation of the mit’a labor draft system, where Spanish overseers twisted indigenous communal service into a machine for silver…
Pizarro's Final Hours: The Night He Was Assassinated
Francisco Pizarro spent decades carving an empire from the Andes, but his end was not written in battle or disease. It was sealed in a dark courtyard in Lima on June 26, 1541. This episode traces the final months of the Conquistador’s life, focusing on the political rot that turned his own men against him. We explore the role of Diego de Almagro the Younger and the radical policy of redistributing Inca wealth to disaffected soldiers. Through the eyes of chroniclers like Pedro Pizarro and Juan…
Pizarro's Brutal Logic: The Spanish Siege of Cusco
In this episode, we look past the myth of the golden ransom to examine the tactical and psychological warfare Francisco Pizarro employed after capturing Atahualpa. We explore how Pizarro used a fabricated letter from Hernando de Soto to manipulate Inca succession politics, installing Manco Inca as a puppet ruler while secretly planning to dismantle Tawantinsuyu’s administrative heart in Cusco. Lucas and Luna discuss the brutal suppression of the Huáscar loyalists, the strategic use of Cañari…
Pizarro's Andean Betrayal: The Cañari Mercenaries
While history often frames the conquest of the Inca Empire as a triumph of Spanish steel over indigenous resistance, this episode examines the crucial role played by the Cañari people. For decades, the Cañari had resisted Inca expansion, only to be conquered and forced into service. When Francisco Pizarro arrived, he did not come alone; he brought thousands of Cañari warriors who knew the terrain, the tactics, and the internal fractures of Tawantinsuyu. We explore how these mercenaries became…
The Spanish Inquisition in Cusco: Pizarro's Religious Purge
While earlier episodes covered the military conquest and the ransom of Atahualpa, this episode explores the systematic religious destruction that followed Francisco Pizarro’s capture of the Sapa Inca. We examine how Spanish friars, led by Vicente de Valverde, dismantled the spiritual infrastructure of Tawantinsuyu, from the burning of khipu archives to the construction of churches atop sacred huacas. Lucas details the theological justification for these acts and the specific resistance offered…
The Quipu Code: Decoding the Inca Empire's Data
Before Spanish boots hit Andean soil, the Inca Empire managed a population of twelve million across three thousand miles of rugged terrain using a system no conqueror could understand. This episode explores the khipu, the intricate knotted-cord archives that served as the empire’s central nervous system. We move past the myth of mere accounting ledgers to examine how these devices stored census data, tax obligations, and even narrative histories through a complex grammar of color, position, and…
Pizarro's Andean Army: Cañari Mercenaries and Inca Betrayal
While Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca Empire is often remembered as a clash between Spanish steel and Andean empire, the true engine of that victory lay in the boots of indigenous allies. This episode explores the crucial role of the Cañari people, who joined Pizarro not out of loyalty to Spain, but because they had been enemies of the Incas for generations. We examine how these Andean warriors navigated the brutal politics of the post-conquest era, serving as guides, scouts, and shock…
Pizarro's Spanish Soldiers: The Forgotten Foot Soldiers
While history often fixates on Francisco Pizarro and the Inca rulers, this episode turns the lens toward the rank-and-file conquistadors who actually marched into the Andes. We explore the lives of these common soldiers — men like Juan de Saavedra and Pedro de Candia — who came for gold but found themselves trapped in a brutal campaign of attrition against the Tawantinsuyu. Through the diary of Francisco de Xerez and accounts from Cieza de León, we reconstruct their daily reality: the…
The Inca Silver: How Pizarro Found the Mountain That Fed Spain
While historians obsess over the gold ransom in Cajamarca, the true economic engine of the Spanish conquest lay in the silver mines of Potosí. This episode explores how Francisco Pizarro and his successors tapped into the Andes' most abundant resource, fundamentally altering the global economy. We examine the discovery of Cerro Rico in 1545, decades after Pizarro's initial landing, and trace the brutal mit'a labor system that forced indigenous communities to mine at extreme altitudes. Lucas and…
The Inca Ransom: The Khipu That Tricked Pizarro
For decades, the story of Atahualpa’s ransom at Cajamarca has been told as a tale of gold-filled rooms and Spanish greed. But the true mechanism of that transaction was not just metal—it was memory. This episode explores the critical role of the khipukamayoc, the elite knot-record keepers who accompanied the Sapa Inca into captivity. We examine how these Andean archivists used their intricate textile databases to verify weights, measure distances, and negotiate with conquistadors who could not…
The Spanish Conquistadors Who Betrayed Pizarro
This episode explores the bitter internal conflict within Francisco Pizarro’s own expeditionary force, focusing on the Almagristas and their leader Diego de Almagro. We examine how the dispute over land grants in Cusco sparked a civil war among the Spanish conquerors, leading to the Battle of Las Salinas in 1538. Lucas details the political maneuvering that isolated Pizarro and the tragic assassination of his brother Hernando while imprisoned. Luna helps unpack the irony of European rivals…
Manco Inca's Siege of Cusco and the Spanish Counterattack
In this episode, we examine the dramatic siege of Cusco in 1536, where Manco Inca Yupanqui mobilized an army of tens of thousands to retake the imperial capital from the Spanish conquistadors. While previous episodes covered the civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa and the initial capture of Cajamarca, we now focus on the moment the tide turned. We explore how Manco used the Qhapaq Ñan to coordinate a surprise attack, cutting off Spanish supply lines and surrounding the city. Lucas details…
The Spanish Siege of Cusco and Manco Inca's Counterattack
While earlier episodes covered the capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca and the initial occupation of Cusco, this episode focuses on the explosive backlash that followed: the Great Rebellion led by Manco Inca Yupanqui in 1536. We explore how Manco escaped Pizarro’s custody, returned to Vilcabamba, and gathered a massive army to lay siege to the Spanish-held capital. Lucas details the brutal urban warfare that turned Cusco into a battleground, the failed assault on the fort of Sacsayhuamán, and the…
The Inca Gold Ransom: Myth and Reality
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna dig into the story of Atahualpa's ransom, the room filled with gold and silver that the Inca offered for his freedom. They separate documented fact from the layers of legend and propaganda, following the saga from the initial promises at Cajamarca in 1533, through the melting down of sacred objects, to the eventual execution. They examine how the ransom was tallied, who got what, and how it transformed the Spanish enterprise. The conversation…
The Inca Quipu Archive: A Digital Empire in Ropes
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Inca khipu, the knotted-string archive system that functioned as a kind of early Andean database. The conversation traces how khipukamayoc — the trained knot-keepers — recorded everything from tribute quotas to census figures, and how the Spanish initially mistook them for mere counting aids. We look at the role of the khipu in the administration of the Tawantinsuyu, the challenges of interpreting surviving examples, and the work of scholars like Gary…
The Inca Last Stand: Battle of Ollantaytambo 1537
In 1536, the Inca emperor Manco Inca rose against Spanish rule, besieging Cusco and Lima. But the most dramatic chapter came at the mountain fortress of Ollantaytambo, where Manco achieved what no other Indigenous leader had: a decisive victory over a Spanish army. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the battle's lead-up, the ingenious use of terrain and water, and the brutal aftermath that forced Manco into the Vilcabamba wilderness. They examine the roles of Hernando Pizarro, the…
The Inca Bridge Over the Apurímac: Last Link to Vilcabamba
In this episode, Lucas and Luna cross the mighty Apurímac River on a bridge of woven grass that the Inca called 'the impossible crossing.' They explore how Qhapaq Ñan engineers built and maintained these suspension bridges, the role of the chaka camayoc bridge-keepers, and how the Spanish, following Pizarro, used and destroyed them. The conversation moves from the bridge's construction to its strategic importance during the final Inca resistance at Vilcabamba, the burning of the bridge by Manco…
The Inca Bridge at Huánuco Pampa: Engineering the Uncrossable
Lucas and Luna explore the hanging bridges of the Inca Empire, focusing on the great grass suspension bridge over the Apurímac River that astonished Pedro Cieza de León. They discuss how without iron or the wheel, Inca engineers wove ichu grass into cables that could span gorges, how the Qhapaq Ñan integrated these bridges into a network, and the role of mit'a labor in maintaining them. The episode touches on the chaka camayoc bridge keepers, the annual rebuilding ritual, and the later collapse…
The Inca Terrace Farms That Fed an Empire
In Episode 211, Lucas and Luna dig into the terraces — the andenes — that turned the steep Andes into the breadbasket of Tawantinsuyu. They trace how Inca engineers carved mountainsides into thousands of stair-step platforms, each with its own microclimate and intricate stone drainage. They talk about the agronomists who tested crops and soils at royal experiment stations, the mit'a labor that built and maintained the terraces, and the khipu records that tracked harvests. They explain why those…
The Inca Road to Atahualpa: Pizarro's Desert March
In 1532, Francisco Pizarro marched a tiny force through one of the harshest landscapes on Earth to reach the Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca. This episode follows that brutal journey across the Sechura Desert and into the Andes, where the Spanish faced thirst, exhaustion, and the constant threat of ambush. We trace Pizarro's route from Piura, through the dry ravines of the coast, and up the western slopes of the cordillera, relying on Inca roads, tambos, and local guides. We meet the Cañari…
The Inca Mummies of El Plomo
In 1954, a Chilean mountaineer found a frozen Inca child on Cerro El Plomo, 5,400 meters above Santiago. The discovery was a capacocha sacrifice, a state-sponsored ritual that sent perfectly preserved children to the highest peaks of the Andes. This episode follows the mummy known as El Plomo Boy from his volcanic ascent to his afterlife in a museum, and what his body tells us about Inca childhood, ritual, and empire. Lucas and Luna also discuss the ethics of displaying human remains, the rise…
The Inca Frozen Mummies: Capacocha Sacrifice at 6700 Meters
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna climb the icy slopes of Llullaillaco volcano in the Argentine Andes, where in 1999 archaeologists discovered three of the best-preserved Inca mummies ever found. Known as the Children of Llullaillaco, these young sacrifices were part of the capacocha, a state-sponsored ritual that sent perfect children to the highest peaks as offerings to the sun god Inti and the mountain spirits known as apus. Lucas untangles the web of politics, religion, and…
The Inca Sun Temple at Pachacamac: Pizarro's Lost Oracle
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the sacred coastal city of Pachacamac, a pre-Inca oracle center that the Incas absorbed into their empire. They trace how the Inca sun temple rose beside the old god's shrine, how Pachacamac's priests managed to keep their influence even under Tawantinsuyu rule, and how Francisco Pizarro's men stripped the temple of its gold in 1533. Along the way, they uncover the layered history of the site — from the earlier Wari and Lima cultures to…
The Inca Civil War: Huáscar vs Atahualpa
Before Pizarro's arrival, the Inca Empire was tearing itself apart. This episode of Fexingo History traces the brutal civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa, the two sons of Huayna Capac, that left the Tawantinsuyu fractured and vulnerable. We follow the war from its origins in a disputed succession to the decisive battles at Mocha, Chimborazo, and Quipaipán, where Atahualpa's generals Quizquiz and Chalkuchimac captured Huáscar. We also explore the devastating impact of the European diseases…
The Inca Last City: Vilcabamba and Manco's Final Stand
After Atahualpa's execution and the fall of Cusco, the Incas didn't vanish. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the retreat to Vilcabamba, the remote jungle city where Manco Inca and his successors kept Tawantinsuyu alive for nearly forty years. They follow Manco's escape from Spanish custody in 1536, his siege of Cusco that nearly toppled the invaders, and the guerrilla war fought from the Andes' eastern slopes. They explore the role of the Chachapoya allies, the assassination of Manco by…
Cajamarca's Aftermath: The Execution of Atahualpa
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna revisit the dramatic weeks after the capture of Atahualpa in Cajamarca, focusing on the fraught negotiations, the arrival of Hernando de Soto and the gold from Pachacamac, and the fateful decision to execute the Inca emperor. They explore the legal maneuvering of Francisco Pizarro, the role of the interpreter Felipillo, the alleged conspiracy of Rumiñahui, and the conflicting accounts of whether Atahualpa ordered his own death by converting to…
The Weeping Inca: Francisco Pizarro's Forgotten Brother
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the overlooked story of Francisco Pizarro's brothers — especially the loyal Gonzalo and the ruthless Hernando — who were as crucial to the conquest of the Inca Empire as Francisco himself. Gonzalo, the charismatic younger brother, became governor of Quito and led the infamous expedition into the Amazon in search of El Dorado, while Hernando, the shrewd and arrogant elder, served as Francisco's envoy to Spain and later became a prisoner…
Pizarro's Inca Allies: The Huanca Warriors Who Toppled an Empire
When Francisco Pizarro marched into the Andes, he didn't conquer alone. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the crucial—and often overlooked—role of the Huanca people, a highland group that allied with the Spanish against the Inca. From their kingdom of Huancayo in the Mantaro Valley to their devastating defeat by Atahualpa's armies, the Huanca had their own reasons to seek revenge. Through their partnership with Pizarro, they provided tens of thousands of warriors, porters, and guides…
Pizarro's Inca Prisoners: The First Captives of Cajamarca
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the fate of the Inca prisoners taken by Francisco Pizarro at Cajamarca in 1532. Beyond Atahualpa, hundreds of nobles, priests, and aclla were captured, their lives transformed by Spanish conquest. We focus on the khipukamayoc, the Inca record-keepers, whose knotted cords were used by the Spanish to inventory gold and later to extract tribute. We also meet Doña Inés Huaylas Yupanqui, the ñusta who became Pizarro's mistress and a symbol of the new mestizo…
Pizarro's Last Stand: The Assassination of 1541
In this milestone 200th episode, Lucas and Luna revisit the violent twilight of Francisco Pizarro's life. On June 26, 1541, a band of roughly twenty conspirators—loyalists of the murdered Diego de Almagro—stormed Pizarro's palace in Lima, catching the aging conquistador off guard. Drawing on the vivid account of his half-brother Pedro Pizarro, the episode reconstructs the frantic melee: Pizarro fighting with a wooden sword, his loyal half-brothers Francisco Martín de Alcántara and Gómez de Luna…
Pizarro's Inca Prisoners: The First Captives of Cajamarca
In November 1532, Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca — but the Sapa Inca was not the only prisoner. Hundreds of Andean nobles, priests, and attendants were taken that day, their fates intertwined with the ransom that followed. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the lives of those first captives: the ñusta and aclla taken as concubines, the khipukamayoc forced to record their own empire's plunder, and the Cañari and Huanca warriors who switched sides — becoming Pizarro's most…
The First Spanish Settlement in the Andes: San Miguel de Piura
In 1532, Francisco Pizarro founded San Miguel de Piura, the first Spanish settlement in the Andes, before marching inland to Cajamarca. This episode follows its founding, its role as a staging ground for the conquest, and its dramatic relocation after the Spanish civil wars. We discuss the original site near the Chira River, the town's early economy built on gold and encomiendas, and its transformation from a frontier outpost to a colonial city. We also explore the indigenous Tallán people, the…
Pizarro's Inca Porters: The Hidden Workforce
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the unseen backbone of the Spanish conquest: the thousands of indigenous porters who carried supplies, gold, and men across the Andes. From the llamas of the Qhapaq Ñan to the forced labor of the tamemes, discover how Pizarro's small army relied on a vast network of native carriers, often conscripted from the very communities the Spanish were dismantling. Listen as Lucas traces the journey from Cajamarca to Cusco, revealing how the Inca…
The Inca Khipu: Ropes That Counted an Empire
Before Pizarro's arrival, the Inca Empire ran on cords and knots, not written words. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the khipu — the Andean recording device made of spun and dyed cotton or camelid fiber — that tracked everything from census counts and labor obligations to mythic genealogies and astronomical observations. They follow the khipukamayoc, the expert knot-keepers, through the chaos of the Spanish conquest, when khipus were used to audit tribute, record legal testimony, and…
Pizarro's Inca Gold: The Transatlantic Treasure Fleet
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna delve into the aftermath of the Spanish conquest of Peru, focusing on the vast quantities of Inca gold and silver that were shipped across the Atlantic. They explore the logistics of the treasure fleets, the role of the Casa de Contratación in Seville, and the impact of this wealth on the Spanish economy. The episode also examines the Quinto Real, the royal tax on treasure, and the fate of the Coricancha's gold, revealing how the plunder of the…
Pizarro's Inca Coins: The Birth of Money in Peru
In 1565, the Spanish crown ordered a mint built in Lima, and out of the wreckage of the Inca Empire came a new kind of power: coinage. This episode follows the strange journey of precious metal in the Andes — from Inca ritual offerings to the first crude coins stamped in a makeshift mint, to the silver reales that fueled global trade. We meet the men who made it happen, including the enigmatic Diego de Torres, a Spanish assayer who married an Inca noblewoman, and trace how the new money changed…
Pizarro's Inca Road: The Royal Highway to Quito
On the eve of the Spanish conquest, a thousand-mile royal road linked Cusco to Quito, a marvel of Andean engineering that had no equal in Europe. In this episode, Lucas and Luna follow the route that Huayna Capac and his armies trod, and the one that Francisco Pizarro and his men would later seize. They trace the road's construction—how the Inca built hanging stairways, causeways, and rest stops that astonished Pedro Cieza de León—and how its stone-paved segments, some still intact, became a…
Pizarro's Mistress: Doña Inés and the Birth of Mestizo Peru
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the life of Doña Inés Huaylas Yupanqui, the Inca princess who became Francisco Pizarro's mistress and, after his death, a symbol of the new mestizo world. Born around 1518 as Quispe Sisa, daughter of Huayna Capac, she was given to Pizarro as a political gift in Cajamarca in 1533. Their daughter, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui, would become one of the wealthiest heiresses in Spain. But Inés's story doesn't end with romance—she was later married off to a…
Pizarro's Inca Bridge: The Queswachaka Rope Bridge
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the Queswachaka rope bridge, a centuries-old Inca engineering marvel that still spans the Apurímac River in Peru. They discuss how the bridge was built using only grass and handwoven fibers, how it was maintained through the mit'a labor system, and how it survived both the Inca Empire and the Spanish conquest. The episode also touches on the annual rebuilding ceremony, the role of the ayllu community, and the bridge's symbolic…
Pizarro's Inca Walls: The Craft of Andean Stonework
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the extraordinary stone walls built by the Inca — the precise, mortarless masonry of Sacsayhuamán, the zigzag fortifications above Cusco, and the seamless polygonal blocks that still puzzle engineers. They discuss how Inca stonemasons shaped hard andesite and granite using only bronze tools, stone hammers, sand, and water, and how they fitted massive blocks so tightly that a blade cannot slip between them. The conversation covers the famous twelve-angled…
Pizarro's Inca Engineers: The Qhapaq Ñan Road System
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Qhapaq Ñan, the vast Inca road network that stretched over 30,000 kilometers across the Andes. They discuss how the road was built, maintained, and used for communication, trade, and military movement. The conversation covers the role of the chasqui couriers, the tambo waystations, and the engineering marvels like suspension bridges. They also touch on the road's afterlife under Spanish rule and its lasting legacy. Along the way, they mention key…
Pizarro's Inca Gold: The Transatlantic Treasure Fleet
In 1532, Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa at Cajamarca and triggered one of history's greatest transfers of wealth. This episode follows the gold and silver from Inca treasuries and mines across the Andes to the royal smelters of Panama, then aboard the annual treasure fleet that sailed the storm-tossed Atlantic to Seville. Lucas and Luna trace the logistics, the losses, and the unexpected consequences: how the very metal meant to enrich Spain fueled inflation, piracy, and the rise of a…
Atahualpa's Ransom: When Gold Flooded Cajamarca
In this episode, Lucas and Luna unravel the story of Atahualpa's ransom—the legendary room filled with gold and silver that reshaped the fate of the Inca Empire. We trace the frantic weeks in Cajamarca as messengers raced across the Andes, khipu records tallied the treasure, and Francisco Pizarro's men grew restless. How did the ransom actually work, and why did it fail to save the Sapa Inca? We examine the logistics of moving tons of precious metal, the role of the khipukamayoc in tracking it…
Pizarro's Feast: The Inca Sun Festival That Outlived Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Inca festival of Inti Raymi — the grand celebration of the winter solstice honoring the sun god Inti — survived the Spanish conquest and evolved into a symbol of Andean resilience. They trace its origins under the Sapa Inca Pachacuti, its elaborate rituals at Cusco's Coricancha and the great plaza of Huacaypata, and its suppression by Spanish authorities who saw it as idolatry. The conversation highlights the role of the khipukamayoc in recording…
Taqui Onqoy: The Inca Dancing Rebellion Against Spain
In the 1560s, decades after Pizarro's conquest, a new threat emerged for Spanish Peru: the Taqui Onqoy, or 'dancing sickness.' Indigenous prophets, inspired by the spirit of the huacas, called for a rejection of Christianity and a return to Inca gods. This episode explores the movement's origins in the Huamanga region, its charismatic leaders like Juan Chocne, the ecstatic dances that terrified Spanish authorities, and its brutal suppression by extirpators like Cristóbal de Albornoz. We also…
Garcilaso de la Vega: The Inca Who Wrote His People's History
In the aftermath of the Spanish conquest, a mestizo writer named Garcilaso de la Vega — born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa to a Spanish captain and an Inca princess — set out to preserve the story of his mother's people. His 'Comentarios Reales de los Incas' became the first comprehensive history of Tawantinsuyu from an indigenous perspective, blending Quechua oral tradition with Spanish humanism. This episode explores Garcilaso's life: his childhood in Cusco among Inca nobles, his father's service…
Pizarro's Mit'a: The Inca Labor System That Built Colonial Peru
Before the Spanish arrived, the Inca Empire ran on a rotational labor tax called the mit'a. It built the Qhapaq Ñan, terraced mountainsides, and fed an empire without money or markets. But after the conquest, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo transformed the mit'a into a brutal engine of exploitation—especially at Potosí's silver mines, where indigenous workers died by the thousands. In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna trace the mit'a from its origins under Pachacuti through its…
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