
Episodes
Cleopatra's Forgotten War: The Nabataean Siege
We have explored Cleopatra’s linguistic prowess, her royal bodyguards, and her complex alliances with Rome and the Parthian Empire. But one conflict has been largely overlooked in popular history: her military confrontation with the Nabataean Kingdom to the south. In this episode, we trace the origins of this war, focusing on the strategic importance of Aila and the trade routes that connected Egypt to the Incense Route. We examine how Ptolemy XII’s earlier failures set the stage for…
Cleopatra's Jewish Alliance and the Siege of Damascus
While popular history often frames Cleopatra’s final years as a romantic triangle with Mark Antony, her strategic alliances were far more complex and politically vital. In this episode, we explore her deepening relationship with Herod the Great, the King of Judea, and how this alliance was tested during the Parthian Wars. We examine the siege of Damascus in 37 BCE, where Cleopatra’s forces, led by her trusted general Sohaemus, clashed with Nabataean and Parthian interests. We look at the…
Cleopatra's Secret Weapon: The Meroitic Elephant Corps
While popular history focuses on Cleopatra’s romance with Mark Antony or her linguistic prowess, this episode explores a different kind of power: the military alliance with the Kingdom of Kush. We examine how Cleopatra VII secured a contingent of Nubian mercenaries and war elephants from Queen Amanishakheto to bolster Ptolemaic defenses against Rome. Set against the backdrop of the Nabataean wars and the looming threat of Octavian, we look at the logistics of moving these beasts through Sinai…
Cleopatra's Nubian Mercenaries and the Battle of Pelusium
While history often remembers Cleopatra for her Roman alliances or her tragic suicide, her military power rested on a diverse army that included thousands of Nubian archers from the Kingdom of Kush. This episode explores the strategic importance of the Meroitic Guard, elite mercenaries who protected the Ptolemaic throne and fought at key engagements like the Siege of Aila. We trace their origins along the Third Cataract, examine how King Amanishakheto’s forces supported Alexandria against Rome…
Cleopatra's Military Campaigns and the Siege of Aila
While history remembers Cleopatra for her romance with Caesar and Antony, she was also a shrewd military commander who personally led troops into battle. This episode explores her controversial war against the Nabataean kingdom in 31 BCE, a conflict sparked by trade disputes over the incense route and culminating in the siege of the coastal city of Aila. We examine the evidence from Strabo and Cassius Dio regarding her leadership on the battlefield, her use of archers and cavalry, and how this…
Cleopatra's Diplomatic Letters and the Art of Ancient Correspondence
While we have explored Cleopatra’s coins, languages, and spies, her written word remains one of the most potent yet overlooked tools of her reign. In this episode, we examine the surviving fragments of diplomatic correspondence that reveal how she negotiated with Rome from a position of perceived weakness. We look at the letters to Julius Caesar after the Alexandrian War, where she balanced humility with subtle threats, and the urgent missives sent to Mark Antony during the Parthian campaign.…
Cleopatra's Lost Sister: The Tragedy of Arsinoe IV
While Cleopatra VII commands the historical spotlight, her younger sister Arsinoe IV represents a different kind of tragedy—one of political expendability. This episode explores the tense years between 48 and 47 BCE in Alexandria, focusing on the civil war that pitted the siblings against each other. We examine how Ptolemy XIII’s regent, Pothinus, used Arsinoe as a puppet figurehead to rally Egyptian nationalist sentiment against Julius Caesar’s occupying forces. Luna and Lucas discuss the…
Cleopatra's Forgotten War Against the Nabataeans
We often think of Cleopatra VII as a diplomat navigating Roman politics, but her reign was also defined by hard power and military ambition on Egypt’s eastern frontier. This episode explores the bitter, decades-long conflict between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the rising Nabataean Empire over control of the ancient Incense Route. We trace how Cleopatra’s father, Ptolemy XII, lost key territories like Petra and Aila to the Nabataean king Aretas III, creating a strategic encirclement that…
Cleopatra's Forgotten War Against the Nabataeans
While history fixates on Rome, Cleopatra VII faced a persistent threat closer to home: the Nabataean Kingdom. In this episode, we explore her controversial decision to annex the city of Petra in 31 BCE, a move that secured vital trade routes but ignited a fierce rivalry with King Aretas IV. We examine the archaeological evidence of Ptolemaic expansion into the desert, the strategic importance of the incense trade, and how this northern war diverted resources from her eastern alliance with Mark…
Cleopatra's Meroitic Guard: The Nubian Connection
While Roman propaganda painted Cleopatra as an exotic Eastern seductress, she was actively cultivating alliances with the Kingdom of Kush to the south. This episode explores her diplomatic correspondence with Queen Amanishakheto and the strategic importance of the Meroitic gold mines that fueled the Ptolemaic war chest. We examine the archaeological evidence of Meroitic warriors in Alexandria, the cultural exchange along the Nile cataracts, and how Cleopatra’s southern flank offered a…
Cleopatra's Royal Physicians: Medicine and Magic in Alexandria
We often hear about Cleopatra’s lovers, her coins, or her navy, but we rarely discuss the medical world she inhabited. This episode explores the Ptolemaic court physicians who treated the last active Pharaoh of Egypt. We examine the pharmacological treatise attributed to Mithridates VI, which detailed complex antidotes against poison—a constant fear for rulers in this era. We also look at the surgical techniques described by Herophilus and Erasistratus, whose dissections in Alexandria…
Cleopatra's Secret Spies: The Eye of Horus Network
We often picture Cleopatra as a romantic figure or a political strategist, but her most dangerous weapon was an intelligence network that spanned the Mediterranean. This episode explores the clandestine operations of the Eye of Horus, a system of informants, couriers, and double agents that kept the Ptolemaic throne secure for decades. We trace how Cleopatra utilized the same bureaucratic infrastructure her father built, turning Alexandria into a hub of espionage where merchants doubled as…
Cleopatra's Lost Sister: The Tragedy of Arsinoe IV
We often remember Cleopatra VII as the singular face of Ptolemaic decline, but her reign was defined by a brutal civil war against her own brother, Ptolemy XIII, and later, her younger sister, Arsinoe IV. While earlier episodes covered Cleopatra’s naval battles at Actium and her diplomatic maneuvering with Rome, this episode uncovers the story of the sister who refused to fade into obscurity. After Caesar installed Cleopatra on the throne, Arsinoe fled to Egypt’s eastern desert and rallied the…
Cleopatra's Coinage: Power, Propaganda, and Gold
While history fixates on Cleopatra’s romances and naval battles, her true power lay in the mint. This episode explores how Cleopatra VII used coinage as a sophisticated tool of statecraft and propaganda to legitimize her rule over Egypt and negotiate with Rome. We examine the specific iconography on her denarii and aurei, from the portrait that blended Hellenistic realism with traditional Egyptian pharaonic traits, to the imagery of Isis and the deified Caesarion. Lucas walks us through the…
Cleopatra's Royal Siblings: The Ptolemaic Curse of Incest
While previous episodes explored Cleopatra’s naval strategies, her linguistic talents, and her complex relationships with Roman generals like Mark Antony, we have yet to examine the biological machinery that produced her. This episode dives into the brutal reality of Ptolemaic succession: the systematic practice of royal incest. We trace the lineage from Alexander the Great’s general, Ptolemy I Soter, through the notorious marriages of brothers and sisters designed to consolidate power and…
Cleopatra's Library: The Great Library of Alexandria
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the Great Library of Alexandria — the legendary institution that stood at the heart of Cleopatra's city. They discuss its founding under Ptolemy I and II, the famous Mouseion where scholars like Eratosthenes and Aristophanes of Byzantium worked, and the library's ambitious goal to collect all the world's knowledge. They uncover the practicalities of Alexandrian scholarship: the papyrus trade, the role of the chief librarian, and the…
Cleopatra's Envoys to the East: The Parthian Alliance
Before Actium, Cleopatra VII gambled on a partnership with the Parthian Empire — Rome's great rival in the East. This episode traces the diplomatic missions, the shifting loyalties of client kings, and the high-stakes negotiations that nearly reshaped the ancient world. Lucas and Luna untangle the web of envoys, hostages, and marriage alliances, from the royal court at Alexandria to the battlefields of Syria. They explore how Cleopatra's attempts to secure Parthian support collided with Mark…
Cleopatra's Envoys to Rome: Messengers of a Dying Dynasty
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the hidden world of Ptolemaic diplomacy through the eyes of the envoys Cleopatra VII sent to Rome. From the fraught negotiations with Julius Caesar in 48 BCE to the tense embassies to Octavian before Actium, we uncover the names, the risks, and the fate of these royal messengers. Who were men like Lampon and Theodotus? What did they actually deliver — letters, gifts, bribes? And how did the Roman Senate treat these emissaries from a kingdom on the brink?…
Cleopatra's Royal Guard: The Bodyguard Units of Ptolemaic Egypt
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step away from the queen's famous romances and military campaigns to look at the people who literally stood between her and danger: her royal guards. From the Macedonian-style agema to the elite Ptolemaic corps known as the 'Royal Pages' and the mysterious 'Bodyguard of the King's Friends,' we trace the evolution of the Ptolemaic guard from Alexander's successors to Cleopatra's final days. We meet the commanders—men like the eunuch Pothinus and the Roman loyalist…
Cleopatra's Hair: The Royal Style of Ptolemaic Egypt
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore a surprising corner of Cleopatra's world: her hair. Not just a matter of fashion, the queen's hairstyle was a carefully crafted political statement, blending Egyptian and Greek traditions. From the ceremonial wigs of the pharaohs to the intricate braids and diadems of the Ptolemaic court, we trace the evolution of royal hair as a symbol of power. We look at the practicalities—how Cleopatra's court styled her wigs, the use of beeswax and…
Cleopatra's Languages: The Queen Who Spoke to Everyone
Cleopatra VII was the first Ptolemaic ruler to actually speak Egyptian, but her linguistic skills went far beyond that. This episode unpacks the queen's multilingual repertoire—Greek, Egyptian, Aramaic, Hebrew, Parthian, Ethiopian, and more—and how she used language as a diplomatic weapon in her dealings with Rome, Judea, and her own people. We explore her famous meeting with Mark Antony at Tarsus, where she spoke to him in Greek, and her strategic use of Egyptian in religious ceremonies to…
Cleopatra's Copper Mines: The Wealth That Fueled an Empire
In this episode, Lucas and Luna dig into Cleopatra's copper mines in the Sinai and the Eastern Desert—the hidden engine of Ptolemaic power. They explore how the desert mines at Timna and the Red Sea ports supplied the bronze for weapons, statues, and coinage that kept the dynasty afloat. Along the way, they meet the Greek and Egyptian miners, the administrators who ran the operations, and the enslaved workers whose labor made it all possible. Lucas explains the technical side of smelting, the…
Cleopatra's Astronomers: The Stargazers of Ptolemaic Egypt
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the astronomers who worked in Cleopatra's Alexandria — the Greek and Egyptian sky-watchers whose observations shaped the ancient world's understanding of the cosmos. They follow the threads from the great Alexandrian library and observatory to the practical work of temple horoscopes and Nile flood predictions. The conversation touches on the famous names — Aristarchus, Hipparchus, Ptolemy — and their connections to the Ptolemaic court, as well as the…
Cleopatra's Jewish Allies: The Alexandrian Community
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Cleopatra's relationship with the Jewish community of Alexandria, a thriving diaspora group that played a crucial role in her reign. They discuss the origins of the Jewish quarter in the city, the Septuagint translation of the Torah commissioned by Ptolemy II, and the political alliances between the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Hasmonean kingdom. The episode highlights Cleopatra's diplomatic overtures to the Jews, including her support for Hyrcanus II, and…
Cleopatra's Death: The Poison That Ended a Dynasty
In this episode, we unravel the mystery of Cleopatra's final hours. Was it really an asp? Or did she use poison? We explore the historical accounts from Plutarch, Strabo, and Dio Cassius, and the latest scholarly theories. We look at the Egyptian symbolism of the cobra, the Greek pharmacopeia of her time, and the political theater of her suicide. Join us as we separate fact from legend and examine how her death was deliberately crafted to fit her divine image. #Cleopatra #AncientEgypt…
Cleopatra's Tattoos: The Queen's Body Art and Its Meaning
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore a rarely discussed aspect of Cleopatra's life: her tattoos. While there is no direct evidence that Cleopatra herself had tattoos, Ptolemaic Egypt was a place where body art was practiced, and the episode examines the cultural context. We look at the Greek and Roman sources that mention tattooing among Egyptians, the connection to religious practices, especially the cult of Dionysus, and the idea of tattoos as marks of devotion or status. We also consider…
Cleopatra's Harbour: The Naval Arsenal of Alexandria
This episode takes us inside the Great Harbour of Alexandria, the bustling naval heart of Ptolemaic Egypt. We explore the shipyards that built the queen's war fleet, the dockyards that serviced her grain carriers, and the lighthouse that guided it all. Lucas and Luna chart the harbour's layout, from the Royal Quarter to the Heptastadion, and follow the journey of a ship from keel to battle. They consider the crews—the rowers, the marines, the dockworkers—and the engineering feats that made it…
Cleopatra's Mausoleum: The Tomb That Survived Her
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the last great building project of Cleopatra's reign: her mausoleum in Alexandria. Built in the shadow of Actium, this grand tomb was designed to be her final statement as a Ptolemaic queen — and it nearly became Rome's greatest prize. They trace its construction through the final months of her life, the tragic siege of 30 BCE, and the desperate measures Cleopatra took to keep it from Octavian's hands. The conversation covers the building's unknown…
Cleopatra's Isis: The Goddess Who Made Her a Queen
Cleopatra wasn't just a politician who happened to dress as a goddess — she lived the role. This episode unpacks the queen's deep identification with Isis, the great mother goddess of Egypt. Lucas and Luna trace how Cleopatra styled herself as the living Isis, from her titles like Thea Neotera and Philopator to the public ceremonies in Alexandria and Memphis. They discuss the Ptolemaic fusion of Greek and Egyptian religion, the role of the Egyptian priesthood in legitimizing her rule, and the…
Cleopatra's Diplomacy: Letters, Gifts, and the Nile
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore a side of Cleopatra that rarely makes the headlines: her masterful use of diplomacy. Long before she met Caesar or Antony, Cleopatra was writing letters, sending gifts, and forging alliances across the Hellenistic world. They trace her early diplomatic missions, her savvy handling of Roman envoys, and the intricate gift-giving that oiled the wheels of state. They discuss the Ptolemaic court's reliance on Greek as the language of…
Cleopatra's Pilot: The Syrian Admiral Who Shaped Actium
Long before Actium, a Syrian admiral named Seleucus of Rhosus steered Cleopatra's navy through civil war, piracy, and political storms. This episode explores his rise under Ptolemy XII Auletes, his command in the chaotic years of Cleopatra's exile and return, and his secretive mission to Rome that nearly saved the dynasty. We also meet the forgotten crews — Phoenicians, Cilicians, and Egyptians — who manned the queen's warships, and trace how Seleucus's loyalty and tactical choices influenced…
Cleopatra's Roman Allies: The Men Behind the Throne
Cleopatra's story is often told through her enemies — Octavian, Caesar, Antony. But what about the Roman allies who risked everything to support her? In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the shadowy figures who served the Ptolemaic queen: the exiled Roman general Aulus Gabinius, whose army restored her father to the throne; the loyal officer Lucius Septimius, who later betrayed Pompey; the enigmatic Dellius, who switched sides at Actium; and the steadfast Canidius Crassus, who stayed loyal…
Cleopatra's Navy: The Battle of Actium and the Queen's Last Command
In this landmark 200th episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the final naval confrontation of Cleopatra's life: the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. They explore the strategic blunders, the mysterious midnight retreat, and the political calculations that led Octavian to victory. Along the way, they examine the queen's own role in the fleet, the Antonian propaganda war, and the fate of the Ptolemaic navy after the defeat. From the shores of western Greece to the burning sands of Alexandria, this episode…
Cleopatra's Engineers: The Waterworks of Ptolemaic Egypt
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the engineering marvels that sustained Cleopatra's Egypt. From the Nilometer on Elephantine Island to the canal that connected the Nile to the Red Sea, we uncover the hydraulic systems that powered agriculture, trade, and the Ptolemaic economy. Discover how the Ptolemies managed the flood, the role of the periaomata in land measurement, and the mysterious Nilometer in the Serapeum of Alexandria. We also look at the engineers and architects—like Sostratus…
Cleopatra's Doctors: The Court Physicians of Ptolemaic Egypt
This episode of Fexingo History shifts from Cleopatra's battles and building projects to the physicians who kept her court healthy. Lucas and Luna explore the careers of doctors like Chrysermos, a follower of Erasistratus who served the Ptolemaic court, and the mysterious female physician who wrote on women's health. They unpack the strange world of Ptolemaic medicine: the blend of Egyptian temple healing, Greek humoral theory, and magical spells. We hear about the medical library at…
Cleopatra's Emissaries: The Royal Envoys of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cleopatra's reign wasn't just about battles and banquets—it hinged on the quiet work of royal envoys who carried her words across the Mediterranean. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the shadowy world of Ptolemaic diplomacy: the couriers, negotiators, and spies who delivered messages from Alexandria to Rome, Syria, and beyond. They discuss how envoys like Cinyras and Seleucus navigated treacherous seas and shifting loyalties, the delicate protocol of addressing the Roman Senate, and the…
Cleopatra's Pearl: The Banquet That Cost a Fortune
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore one of the most extravagant and misunderstood episodes of Cleopatra's life: the legendary banquet where she supposedly dissolved a pearl in vinegar and drank it. They dig into the ancient sources—Pliny the Elder, Macrobius—and the historical context of Ptolemaic wealth, Roman greed, and the politics of display. Did it really happen? What did it mean? They trace the story's origins, its echoes in later art and literature, and what it reveals about…
Cleopatra's Alexandria: The City She Ruled and Rebuilt
In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the city of Alexandria as Cleopatra knew it — a bustling Hellenistic metropolis that she inherited, shaped, and ultimately lost. They walk through the grand avenues and the Brucheion palace district, talk about the Museion and the Library, and consider how the city's unique character — Greek, Egyptian, Jewish, and Roman — influenced Cleopatra's rule. They discuss the practical challenges of governing a city of perhaps half a million…
Cleopatra's Nile Fleet: The Ships That Ruled Egypt
Cleopatra may have lost at Actium, but her navy was more than the ships that fled that battle. This episode goes upstream — to the Nile war fleet that protected Egypt's heartland and projected Ptolemaic power along the river for three centuries. We look at the design of these riverine vessels, the Hellenistic-Egyptian hybrid of their crews, and how the Ptolemies used them to control trade, taxes, and rebellion. We meet the men who captained them, the harbors that built them, and the tactics…
Cleopatra's Mother: The Missing Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt
Cleopatra VII is one of history's most famous women, yet we know almost nothing about her mother. This episode digs into the silence around Cleopatra's maternal line — a gap that has fueled rumors, theories, and outright inventions for two thousand years. We look at what the papyri, inscriptions, and later historians actually say: the possibility that her mother was Cleopatra V Tryphaena, the wife of Ptolemy XII Auletes; the shadowy 'Cleopatra VI' who appears in some ancient lists; and the…
Cleopatra's Library: The Great Museion and Its Scholars
In this episode, Lucas and Luna step away from the battlefield to explore Cleopatra's intellectual empire: the storied Library of Alexandria and the Museion that housed it. They trace its founding under Ptolemy I Soter and Ptolemy II Philadelphus, its legendary collection of papyrus scrolls, and the scholars who made it the ancient world's greatest think tank — from Eratosthenes, who measured the Earth's circumference, to Aristophanes of Byzantium, who invented punctuation. But the Library was…
Cleopatra's Earthquake: The Queen Who Rebuilt Alexandria
In 115 CE, an earthquake shattered Alexandria, the jewel of the Hellenistic world. The Great Library lost thousands of scrolls, the Serapeum cracked, and the city's heart—the Brucheion quarter—lay in ruins. But this was not the end. It was a turning point. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Cleopatra, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, transformed disaster into legacy. They examine the science of ancient seismology, the economic toll of rebuilding, and the political…
Cleopatra's Coinage: The Queen's Face on Money
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Cleopatra's coinage — the coins minted during her reign that survive today. They discuss the famous 'Cleopatra's nose' coin type from Ascalon, the imagery of the Ptolemaic eagle, the use of Greek legends, the diadem and its meaning, the debasement of the tetradrachm, and the propaganda value of currency in the ancient world. They also touch on the Roman denarius issues with Antony and Cleopatra, and what the coins reveal about her actual appearance and…
Cleopatra's Lighthouse: The Pharos That Guided Antony
In Episode 189 of Fexingo History's Cleopatra series, Lucas and Luna explore the Pharos of Alexandria — the legendary lighthouse that was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Built under Ptolemy I and II, the Pharos was a marvel of engineering and a symbol of Ptolemaic power. They discuss its construction, its role in guiding ships into the greatest port of the Mediterranean, and its fate during the Roman era, including a daring raid by Julius Caesar's troops. They also delve into the…
Cleopatra's Inner Circle: The Courtiers Who Ruled Egypt
Cleopatra's reign was never a solo performance. Behind the famous queen stood a shifting cast of guardians, strategists, and courtiers who shaped her rise, her fall, and the fate of Ptolemaic Egypt. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the untold story of the inner circle: the eunuch Pothinus, who almost unseated her; the scheming half-sister Arsinoe IV; the loyal general Achillas; and the Roman confidant Dellius, whose betrayal changed the course of the Alexandrian War. We trace how…
Cleopatra's Economic Reforms: Saving Egypt from Bankruptcy
In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Cleopatra VII's often-overlooked domestic policies aimed at rescuing Egypt from the brink of economic collapse. After decades of Ptolemaic mismanagement, heavy Roman debts, and civil war, Cleopatra inherited a kingdom in crisis. We trace her strategic use of tax remissions, grain distribution during famine, and reorganization of the bureaucracy, including her reliance on the priestly class as economic intermediaries. Specific measures such as the…
Cleopatra's Exile: How the Queen Fought for Her Throne
Before Cleopatra became the last pharaoh, she was a young queen fighting for survival. After her father Ptolemy XII Auletes died in 51 BCE, the 18-year-old Cleopatra ruled jointly with her younger brother Ptolemy XIII. But ambitious courtiers—especially the eunuch Pothinus and the general Achillas—turned her brother against her. In 48 BCE, Cleopatra was forced to flee Alexandria into exile. She made her way to Syria, where she raised an army of mercenaries, including the Gabiniani—former Roman…
Cleopatra's Death: The Asp, Poison, and Legend
Cleopatra VII's suicide by snakebite is one of history's most iconic images — but is it true? This episode examines the ancient sources: Plutarch, Dio Cassius, and Strabo, who offer conflicting accounts of the queen's final hours. We separate fact from Roman propaganda, explore alternative theories (poisoned comb, hollow needle, or actual cobra), and discuss Octavian's political motives for the asp story. Learn about the roles of her handmaidens Iras and Charmion, the fate of her children, and…
Cleopatra The Pharaoh Who Spoke Egyptian
In this episode, we explore Cleopatra VII's groundbreaking decision to learn the Egyptian language, making her the first Ptolemaic ruler to do so in nearly 300 years. Drawing on Plutarch's accounts and temple reliefs from Dendera and Edfu, we examine how this skill allowed her to connect directly with native Egyptian priests and subjects, strengthening her legitimacy and political power. We also discuss her multilingual abilities (reportedly nine languages) and how she used Egyptian titles and…
Cleopatra and Caesar: The Siege of Alexandria
In 48 BCE, Cleopatra VII sought Julius Caesar's support in her civil war against her brother Ptolemy XIII. When Caesar sided with her, Ptolemy's forces besieged them in Alexandria. This episode dives into the military campaign that followed: the burning of the Roman fleet, the accidental fire that damaged the Great Library, the arrival of a relief army, and the decisive Battle of the Nile. We explore the tactics, the key commanders like Achillas and Ganymedes, and how Cleopatra's gamble with…
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